Forensic Science International - Articles in Press

Widespread pulmonary granulomatosis following long time intravenous drug abuse—A case report - Corrected Proof

R.B. Dettmeyer, M.A. Verhoff, B. Brückel, D. Walter — 2010-02-08

Abstract: Foreign body granulomas in the lungs following acute singular or long time intravenous drug abuse are frequent findings during microscopic investigation of the lungs. Most cases present single granulomas. Cases with multiple foreign body granulomas, already palpable during autopsy and leading to pulmonary granulomatosis with multiple granulomas are less frequent. We report the case of a 32-year old man, dying suddenly and unexpectedly after a well-known history of drug abuse for more than a decade. The granulomas are caused by foreign particle embolization immediately after intravenous injection of not only the drug itself but also of adulterants, e.g. cotton fibers, potato starch or microcrystalline cellulose. At the end, a reduction in the size of the pulmonary bed had occurred followed by pulmonary hypertension. For the first time, lung dust in such a case was characterised by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX).

A probability-based sampling approach for the analysis of drug seizures composed of multiple containers of either cocaine, heroin, or Cannabis - Corrected Proof

John R. Mario — 2010-02-08

Abstract: A probability-based analytical sampling approach for seized containers of cocaine, Cannabis, or heroin, to answer questions of both content weight and identity, is described. It utilizes the Student's t distribution, and, because of the lack of normality in studied populations, the power of the Central Limit Theorem with samples of size 20 to calculate the mean net weights of multiple item drug seizures. Populations studied ranged between 50 and 1200 units. Identity determination is based on chemical testing and sampling using the hypergeometric distribution fit to a program macro – created by the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) Drugs Working Group. Formal random item selection is effected through use of an Excel®-generated list of random numbers. Included, because of their impact on actual practice, are discussions of admissibility, sufficiency of proof, method validation, and harmony with the guidelines of international standardizing bodies.

A quick discrimination of vegetable oil by solid-phase microextraction method - Corrected Proof

Toshiyasu Mikuma, Tsuyoshi Kaneko — 2010-02-08

Abstract: A trace amount of vegetable oil was picked up with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and identified using a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). Unsaponifiable constituents such as sterols could be detected by an injection of the SPME fiber, with the fiber touching the vegetable oil and then leading directly into the port of the GC–MS. After thermal desorption of unsaponifiable constituents, the remaining triacylglycerols or oil that was freshly added to the fiber were recovered with a little organic solvent, and the profiles of the fatty acids that had been constructing the acylglycerols were determined using a base-catalyzed trans-esterification method which produced fatty acid methyl esters. The simple and rapid techniques that make up this method make it possible to significantly reduce the preparation time and as well as the required sample volume. When urgent discrimination is required with high accuracy, this technique could serve as a useful and powerful tool for identification of vegetable oil.

Hair analysis for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A—New insights into the mechanism of drug incorporation of cannabinoids into hair - Corrected Proof

2010-02-03

Abstract: Differentiation between external contamination and incorporation of drugs or their metabolites from inside the body via blood, sweat or sebum is a general issue in hair analysis and of high concern when interpreting analytical results. In hair analysis for cannabinoids the most common target is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), sometimes cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) are determined additionally. After repeated external contamination by cannabis smoke these analytes are known to be found in hair even after performing multiple washing steps. A widely accepted strategy to unequivocally prove active cannabis consumption is the analysis of hair extracts for the oxidative metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH). Although the acidic nature of this metabolite suggests a lower rate of incorporation into the hair matrix compared to THC, it is not fully understood up to now why hair concentrations of THC-COOH are generally found to be much lower (mostly <10pg/mg) than the corresponding THC concentrations.Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA A) is the preliminary end product of the THC biosynthesis in the cannabis plant. Unlike THC it is non-psychoactive and can be regarded as a ‘precursor’ of THC being largely decarboxylated when heated or smoked. The presented work shows for the first time that THCA A is not only detectable in blood and urine of cannabis consumers but also in THC positive hair samples. A pilot experiment performed within this study showed that after oral intake of THCA A on a regular basis no relevant incorporation into hair occurred. It can be concluded that THCA A in hair almost exclusively derives from external contamination e.g. by side stream smoke. Elevated temperatures during the analytical procedure, particularly under alkaline conditions, can lead to decarboxylation of THCA A and accordingly increase THC concentrations in hair. Additionally, it has to be kept in mind that in hair samples tested positive for THCA A at least a part of the ‘non-artefact’ THC probably derives from external contamination as well, because in condensate of cannabis smoke both THC and THCA A are present in relevant amounts. External contamination by side stream smoke could therefore explain the great differences in THC and THC-COOH hair concentrations commonly found in cannabis users.

A tendency for re-offending in drug-facilitated crime - Corrected Proof

2010-02-01

Abstract: The authors present 3 cases that demonstrate a return to DFC following periods of inactivity. The offences occurred in Paris and its suburbs and in each of the cases there were two distinct periods of activity by the offenders with 2, 8 and 22 victims attributed to each of the perpetrators.To 20mg of decontaminated and cut hair, 100pg/mg of clonazepam-d4 was added as internal standard. Hair specimens were extracted with CH2Cl2/ether after incubation overnight at 56°C in pH 7.6 buffer. Extractions were performed on blood and urine using Toxi-tube A® with 5ng/mL of clonazepam-d4. The residues were analyzed by LC–ESI-MS/MS. Calibration curves in blood and urine (0.5–500ng/mL) were prepared by spiking aliquots of blank fluids (r2>0.9816 for all drugs). LOD in body fluids ranged 0.5–10ng/mL. Calibration curves in hair (0.5–100pg/mg) were prepared by spiking aliquots of blank hair (r2>0.9877 for all drugs). LOD in hair ranged 0.5–5pg/mg.Case #1: Two young women were raped with an interval of approximately 1 year between the incidents. Lorazepam (present, <2pg/mg) was detected in hair obtained from the first victim, and zolpidem (19pg/mg) in hair of the second one. The offender was in jail between the two offences. Case #2: The offender approached a total of 8 men and women who were aged over 50 years. The offender was in jail between the two series of respectively 3 and 5 victims. Zopiclone was detected in victims’ hair (n=7) at concentrations 13–42pg/mg. Case #3: The offender stole thousands of Euros using credit cards obtained from 22 different wealthy victims. He employed a cocktail of up to 6 drugs made up of: flunitrazepam, clonazepam, doxylamine, cyamemazine, zolpidem and lorazepam. Drugs were detected in all victims’ hair (n=18) at concentrations in the range 1–81pg/mg for all drugs. Between the two series (of respectively 4 and 16 victims) the offender spent 6 months in jail, and then police spent 6 months looking for him while he was under judiciary control prior to his judgment.Segmental hair analysis permits retrospective information on drug exposure and should be considered in the investigation of drug-facilitated crimes not only to prove single exposure but also when there has been any appreciable delay in samples being obtained for analysis. Indeed, in 56% cases reported in this paper, due to the long time that elapsed between offences and the opportunity to obtain samples for analysis hair analysis was considered the only viable matrix to investigate the possibility of drug involvement in the crimes.Our experience demonstrates that the incidence of re-offending in DFC after a period of inactivity (often due to imprisonment) may be of concern, notably in big cities.

Application of computerised correction method for optical distortion of two-dimensional facial image in superimposition between three-dimensional and two-dimensional facial images - Corrected Proof

2010-02-01

Abstract: The applicability of computerised correction of optical distortion to two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) facial image superimposition was investigated. Two-dimensional (2D) facial images of 10 male volunteers were taken with a commercially available closed circuit device (CCD) camera (reference camera) at four areas of the lens field: the centre, top, upper right and right. Correction was made by computer by calculating differences vis-à-vis the co-ordinates of dots on a test chart. Discrepancies in facial outlines between the 3D and 2D images decreased following correction in all lens fields and were below the threshold for true positive. The correction method was also tested using an actual surveillance camera and video recorder installed in a bank. The method was found to be effective for the correction of facial images, especially those taken in the top and right lens fields. Since the total error (observed error) remaining after correction appeared close to the random error (real error), systematic error was thought to be minimised by correction. Therefore, the present method was thought to display high fidelity, and could be useful for supplementary examination of conventional superimposition.

Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products - Corrected Proof

Nahoko Uchiyama, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri, Jun Ogata, Yukihiro Goda — 2010-02-01

Abstract: Several synthetic cannabinoids were found in 44 of 46 different kinds of herbal products that are currently distributed on the illegal drug market in Japan due to their expected narcotic effects. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses indicated that most of the products contained two major synthetic cannabinoids: (1RS,3SR)-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-methylnonan-2-yl)phenyl]cyclohexan-1-ol, renamed cannabicyclohexanol with the agreement of Pfizer Inc., and/or 1-naphthalenyl(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone, named JWH-018. Oleamide (cis-9,10-octadecenoamide), which is an endogenous cannabinoid, was also detected in 7 products. Additionally, two synthetic cannabinoids were identified as minor components in some products. One was (1RS,3SR)-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl]cyclohexan-1-ol, which is named CP-47,497 and is a homolog of cannabicyclohexanol. The other was 1-naphthalenyl(1-butyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone, which is named JWH-073 and is a homolog of JWH-018. These compounds were reported as synthetic cannabinoids possessing pharmacological cannabimimetic activity. The concentrations of cannabicyclohexanol, JWH-018 and oleamide in the products ranged from 1.1 to 16.9mg/g, 2.0 to 35.9mg/g and 7.6 to 210.9mg/g, respectively, and showed considerable variation. In this study, details of the analysis and identification of these synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products being sold on the Japanese drug market are described.

Accidental circular saw hand injuries: Trauma mechanisms, injury patterns, and accident insurance - Corrected Proof

2010-01-29

Abstract: Introduction: Hand injuries due to circular saws are a common reason for patients seeking medical care in emergency departments. With respect to cases of insurance fraud, these injuries are of medico-legal interest. It is the aim of this study to investigate the critical circumstances of the incidents, the accident mechanism, and the specific injury patterns of circular saw related hand injuries with regard to accident insurance coverage.Patients and methods: Circular saw related hand injuries for the years 1999 through 2007 were followed-up and assessed in detail. Type, severity and pattern of the injury were assessed. An accident analysis investigated characteristic of the activities, of the saws, of the stock/cutting material, operational activities of the operators prior to/at the time of the incident, and detailed information on the insurance status.Results: The follow-up study encompassed 114 patients. A majority of these were covered by private or statutory accident insurances. Compensation payments were made in all cases. All lesions involved one hand, mainly the left non-dominant hand. Thumb and index were at highest risk for injury. One-finger injuries occurred mainly at the middle or distal phalanx. With increasing number of affected fingers, the level of the injury moved closer to the proximal phalanx. A majority of injuries occurred during do-it-yourself activities. Among blade contact injuries, the so-called kickback-mechanism was at highest risk.Conclusion: Positive circumstantial indications of a self-inflicted injury, which are often cited in the literature are less conclusive for the medico-legal decision finding. The detailed anatomic description of any lesions and the alleged accident mechanism as initially described by the patients in the emergency setting is the basis for any later accident reconstruction.

Estimation of age from sclerotic glomeruli - Corrected Proof

2010-01-28

Abstract: Glomerular sclerosis is one of the age-related causes of nephron damage. Histological studies of cadaver kidneys in several ethnic groups have shown that there is a consistent relationship between the percentage of sclerotic glomeruli (PSG) and age. However, no study regarding this relationship in the Japanese population has been reported to date. Here, we investigated such relationship in 150 Japanese cadavers that were selected regardless of clinical history. The straight line regression was estimated as follows: Age=23.3+1.36×APSG (APSG: arcsine-transformed PSG). The R2 value of the regression line was 0.598.The diagnostic test with the PSG value (cutoff=0.6%) for the age stratum (cutoff=33 years old) showed very high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (97.6%). From the results, PSG appears to be useful for the estimation of a cadaver's age in the Japanese population.

Age estimation in Indians from pulp/tooth area ratio of mandibular canines - Corrected Proof

Medha Babshet, Ashith B. Acharya, Venkatesh G. Naikmasur — 2010-01-28

Abstract: In India, age estimation of living individuals is gaining importance, particularly in cases of child labour, ascertaining majority status and to assess disputed age in criminals. Previous studies on adult age prediction in Indians have focused on histological parameters, which are invasive in nature and not feasible in the living. Methods for age estimation in living adults make use of radiographs to indirectly measure the rate of secondary dentine deposition and studies have focused on ratios of linear measurements rather than absolute dimensions per se. Recently, the ratio of the pulp/tooth area of canines was suggested by a group in Italy who developed regression formulas for age estimation . The present study has assessed the usefulness of one of the formulas on an Indian sample and also examined the use of an India-specific equation in age prediction. Intraoral periapical digital radiographs of mandibular canines were obtained from 143 individuals (aged 20–70 years) using the paralleling technique; pulp and tooth areas were measured using a commercially available computer software programme and the pulp/tooth area ratio was computed. Age was calculated using the Italian formula which revealed a mean absolute error (MAE) of 11.01 years in Indians, an error recognisably greater than the 4.38 years reported in the Italian sample. The divergence may be explained on account of population differences that exist between Italians and Indians as well as variation in the pattern of secondary dentine deposition in Indians. The Indian formula derived (age=64.413−(195.265×PTR), where PTR is the pulp/tooth area ratio) was applied on a control group of 35 radiographs. The Italian formula was also applied on the control sample to ascertain if the Indian formula markedly improved age prediction. No apparent difference was observed between the two (MAE was 10.76 and 11.58 years, respectively, using the Indian and Italian formula) however, the Indian formula had a tendency to produce more ‘stable’ age estimates. This could be on account of low correlation (r=−0.34) between secondary dentine deposition and age in Indians and the consequent large pulp/tooth area ratio in some cases; such cases would invariably result in very low age estimates using the Italian formula, unlike the Indian formula which had factored in the low correlation.

Dissecting firearm injury to the head and neck with non-linear bullet trajectory: A case report - Corrected Proof

Muhammet Can, Nadir Yildirim, Gökçe Kaan Ataç — 2010-01-27

Abstract: Firearm injuries to the head and neck have a potential for fatal complications caused by damage to neurovascular structures in the region. We herewith present a case of a missile injury to the face, caused by a bullet from a rifle with high muzzle energy that slackened while penetrating a vehicle before hitting the victim. The bullet advanced through the retrofacial spaces following a non-linear course and was retained within the opposite parapharyngeal region without injuring any vital structure. The resultant damage was a ‘low-velocity injury’. However, it is noteworthy that the missile had still retained enough energy to penetrate the tissue and travel in a ‘dissecting’ fashion. It is likely that the blunting of the missile during vehicle penetration and the compactness of the anatomical structures bordering the head and neck spaces, such as fascia and tendons, forced the projectile to follow a non-linear inter-structural path. This case yet again demonstrates that the magnitude of firearm-related tissue damage may also depend upon the shape of the projectile and confirms that the head and neck spaces have anatomical integrity rather than just being arbitrarily designated topographical areas. It has also been confirmed that non-surgical approach with regular follow-ups is a viable option for uncomplicated head and neck injuries.

Colour contrast in ballistic gelatine - Corrected Proof

Christian Walter Albert Schyma — 2010-01-27

Abstract: Gelatine is a reliable tissue simulant in wound ballistic experiments. The projectile penetrating the gelatine transfers energy and causes radial cracks according to the temporary cavity. Thus the crack length is a function of the energy spent in the medium. In practice the fissures are poorly contrasted for which reason an enhancement of contrast was searched.A series of six shoots with expanding bullets (9mm×19 Action-5, 9mm×19 Quick Defense 1, 5.56mm×45 Styx Action) was realized on 10% gelatine blocks at 4°C temperature. Three blocks were marked with acryl paint on the front, three blocks were shot native. The blocks were cut in slices of 1cm thickness and optically scanned. The evaluation was performed according to Fackler's wound profile, the total crack length method and the polygon method. The paint was soaked into the block by the collapse of the temporary cavity and transported with diminishing intensity to the end of the trajectory. Colour contrast was successfully realized in all the shots which made easier to measure the length of the fissures. The comparison of the shots with and without paint gave a better reproducibility of measures with colour contrast. Using paint the energy transfer began earlier so that the curve of the wound profile was shifted by 1cm to the entry which is explicated by the paint pad put on the block. The maximum crack lengths did not significantly differ with and without paint. All evaluation methods profited from colour contrast but the total crack length method the most of all. Further experiments showed that colour contrast is also successful in 20% gelatine and is not dependent of the type of projectile.

Comprehensive identification of active compounds in tablets by flow-injection data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry combined with library search - Corrected Proof

Marion Pavlic, Birthe Schubert, Kathrin Libiseller, Herbert Oberacher — 2010-01-25

Abstract: A convenient mass spectrometric approach for the identification of toxicologically relevant compounds in tablets and tablet residues is presented. For comprehensive forensic-toxicological analysis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was accomplished in positive as well as in negative ion mode on a quadrupole–quadrupole–time-of-flight instrument. Dissolved samples were introduced into the mass spectrometer by flow-injection. Mass spectra as well as tandem mass spectra were acquired. A data-dependent acquisition strategy was used to switch between the mass spectrometric modes. Identification was accomplished via search within a tandem mass spectral library. The applied database contained 8252 spectra collected from 836 compounds in positive ion mode as well as 1023 spectra collected from 103 compounds in negative ion mode. A total of 22 casework samples collected during autopsies from mouth, oesophagus or gastric contents, seized by the police, or found with patients at hospital were screened. Twelve samples contained compounds only detectable in positive ion mode (sildenafil, dihydrocodeine, diphenhydramine, oxprenolol, N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, morphine, amphetamine, caffeine, pemoline, orphenadrine, m-chlorphenylpiperazine and tramadol), six samples contained species exclusively detectable in negative ion mode (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, ketorolac, valproic acid and phenobarbital), and three samples contained diclofenac detectable in both ionization polarities. One sample did not contain any compound amenable to mass spectrometric analysis. For verification all samples were additionally analyzed by GC/MS. Both methods revealed identical results for all but one sample. The beta-adrenergic blocker oxprenolol was exclusively detected by the flow-injection method.

Evaluation of frontal sinus and skull measurements using spiral CT scanning: An aid in unknown person identification - Corrected Proof

2010-01-25

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to test a simple system for the identification of unknown bodies using spiral CT images of frontal sinus and other skull measurements among selected Iraqi sample.Ninety patients (45 males and 45 females) with age range from 20 to 49 years were selected in this study. Three features and two groups of measurements of frontal sinus and three skull dimensions were obtained from the CT images. Three basic features were F (presence or absence of frontal sinus), S (septum) and S (scalloping). Measurements selected for the study were frontal sinus width, height and anteroposterior length. In addition to measurements of total width, the distance between the highest points of the two sinuses, the distance between the highest points of each sinus to its maximum lateral limit. Skull measurements included; maximum skull length, prostio-bregmatic height and maximum skull width. All data were subjected to a descriptive and discriminative analysis using the SPSS (Version 17.0).The pre-post comparison (number of discordant items) resulted in 95% accurately predicted perfect match for intra-examiner calibration and 90% accurately predicted perfect match for inter-examiners calibration and the result for one discordant item was 5% for intra-examiner calibration and 10% for inter-examiners calibration. The discriminative analysis showed that the ability of the frontal sinus to identify gender was 76.9%, adding the skull measurements to the frontal sinus measurements gave a higher overall classification accuracy for gender (85.9%).Frontal sinus measurements are valuable method in differentiating gender. Adding skull measurements to the frontal sinus measurements can significantly improve accuracy of gender determination using discriminant analysis. CT based films can provide valuable and precise measurements not only for frontal sinus but even for the whole skull that cannot be approached by other means.

Heroin markers in hair of a narcotic police officer: Active or passive exposure? - Corrected Proof

Marion Villain, Jean-François Muller, Pascal Kintz — 2010-01-22

Abstract: On March 2007, a police officer (46-year-old man) and a clerk (37-year-old woman) were arrested and subjected to investigation on the charges of drugs of abuse trafficking. The loving couple was exploiting their administrative positions to make money with the resale of seized drugs. The laboratory was requested to analyse their hair for drugs of abuse. Hair of the 2 subjects tested positive for heroin by GC–MS. A few days later, analysis of hair obtained from 11 other police officers of the same unit was requested, in order to compare the results, as external contamination was proposed to account for the positive results. The aim of the investigations was to demonstrate that passive contamination could not occur for persons dealing every day with drugs of abuse with minimal caution and hygiene, and that the measured concentrations in the arrested subjects correspond to personal abuse. All the narcotic team tested negative, irrespective of the compound.

Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in oral fluid and sweat of a pediatric subject - Corrected Proof

2010-01-22

Abstract: Methylphenidate (MPH) is a stimulant medication widely used for treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Therapeutic monitoring for this drug is essentially lacking and alternative biological matrices, such as oral fluid and sweat, should be investigated for noninvasive assessment of short- and long-term history of drug use. We report the excretion profile of MHP and its metabolite ritalinic acid (RA) in oral fluid and sweat from a 12-year-old boy treated with the extended release drug formulation.Concentrations of MPH and RA in oral fluid, sweat and plasma were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Oral fluid-to-plasma ratio at each time interval was calculated at the start of the treatment and correlated with salivary pH. Excretion of MPH in sweat patches, collected up to 24h with PharmChek patches was also investigated.MPH and RA were both detected in oral fluid with a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that in plasma. Oral fluid peak concentrations of MPH ranged between 13.5 and 30.9ng/mL at 3.0h after drug intake. Oral fluid-to-plasma MPH ratio between 13.1 and 3.2 demonstrated an accumulation of the drug in oral fluid. Conversely, RA was found in oral fluid at peak concentration (23.4–62.9ng/mL) equivalent to one-tenth of those found in plasma. Concentration profiles of MPH and RA in oral fluid were quite constant during the four weeks of drug administration.In sweat, MPH was detected for the first time at 5h after drug administration (range: 9.3–11.2ng/patch) up to 24h (range: 29.8–38.7ng/patch). RA was not detected in the sweat patches during the 24h time of collection.The results suggest that measurement of MPH in oral fluid can be used as a potential alternative to drug monitoring in plasma. Moreover, MPH measurement in sweat patches can be used for noninvasive monitoring of MPH consumption and misuse in situations where detection of recent abuse is of interest.

An assessment of cortisol analysis in hair and its clinical applications - Corrected Proof

R. Gow, S. Thomson, M. Rieder, S. Van Uum, G. Koren — 2010-01-22

Abstract: Hair analyses for exogenous compounds, specifically drugs of abuse, have been a useful tool in detecting long-term drug exposure. More recently, studies have delved into the exposure of endogenous compounds in hair.Cortisol is synthesized in the adrenal cortex in response to stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. While catecholamines generally indicate acute stress, cortisol can be used as an indicator for sub-acute and chronic stress.Studies on the effects of chronic stress are most often subjective in nature, relying on questionnaires asking the participant to recall on past stressors. This can lead to the issue of recall and reporting bias. A new objective measure of chronic stress is needed for a more accurate understanding of the effects of chronic stress on the body. This review uses emerging evidence to describe the usefulness of hair analysis for cortisol and discusses the current methods used.

A hierarchical model for body height estimation in images - Corrected Proof

Ardo van den Hout, Ivo Alberink — 2010-01-18

Abstract: In forensic practice, validation experiments performed on known items or persons are used to make predictions on unknown ones. An example of this is body height estimation in digital images. Using a hierarchical statistical model in this case is quite natural as it allows outcomes of the experiment to depend on random effects for test persons and on fixed effects for operators performing the measurements. In the paper, a hierarchical model is described and implemented in WinBUGS to obtain Bayesian credible intervals for perpetrator heights in a case study involving four perpetrators. Comparing the estimated credible intervals of the Bayesian inference to frequentist confidence intervals proposed in the literature, the results that emerge are quite similar, Bayesian intervals being slightly wider. The hierarchical model takes into account the variation within the individual measurements which is ignored by models using observed means over operators. The approach described is applicable for situations in which on the basis of (repeated) measurements on known objects, a prediction is required on a questioned object under the same circumstances. Another example of this is estimating the speed of a vehicle on video footage on the basis of a validation experiment.

Quality assurance in road traffic analyses in Switzerland - Corrected Proof

2010-01-18

Abstract: Swiss laboratories performing toxicological road traffic analyses have been authorized for many years by the Swiss Federal Roads Office (FEDRO). In 2003 FEDRO signed a contract with the Swiss Society of Legal Medicine (SSLM) to organize the complete quality management concerning road traffic analyses. For this purpose a multidisciplinary working group was established under the name of “road traffic commission (RTC)”.RTC has to organize external quality control, to interpret the results of these controls, to perform audits in the laboratories and to report all results to FEDRO. Furthermore the working group can be mandated for special tasks by FEDRO.As an independent organization the Swiss Center for Quality Control (CSCQ) in Geneva manages the external quality controls in the laboratory over the past years. All tested drugs and psychoactive substances are listed in a federal instruction. The so-called ‘zero tolerance substances’ (THC, morphine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA and MDEA) and their metabolites have to be tested once a year, all other substances (benzodiazepines, zolpidem, phenobarbital, etc.) periodically. Results over the last years show that all laboratories are generally within the confidence interval of ±30% of the mean value. In cases of non-conformities measures have to be taken immediately and reported to the working group.External audits are performed triennially but accredited laboratories can combine this audit with the approval of the Swiss Accreditation Service (SAS). During the audits a special checklist filled in by the laboratory director is assessed. Non-conformities have to be corrected.During the process of establishing a new legislation, RTC had an opportunity of advising FEDRO.In collaboration with FEDRO, RTC and hence SSLM can work actively on improving of quality assurance in road traffic toxicological analyses, and has an opportunity to bring its professional requests to the federal authorities.

Semi-quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse, including tetrahydrocannabinol in hair using aqueous extraction and immunoassay - Corrected Proof

Cynthia Coulter, James Tuyay, Margaux Taruc, Christine Moore — 2010-01-18

Abstract: A semi-quantitative analytical screening procedure for the determination of cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in hair has been developed. The procedure employs an aqueous extraction buffer, uses only 10mg of hair, requires 2h of incubation for the extraction to occur, and multiple drug classes can be screened using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Hair calibration standards were prepared around the recommended cut-off concentrations of the Society of Hair Testing. All drug classes showed excellent linearity over the concentration range tested, indicating that immunochemical screening can be used in a semi-quantitative mode for hair analysis using an aqueous buffer, rapid extraction and a small amount of hair.

High throughput analysis of drugs of abuse in hair by combining purposely designed sample extraction compatible with immunometric methods used for drug testing in urine - Corrected Proof

R. de la Torre, E. Civit, F. Svaizer, A. Lotti, M. Gottardi, M. Miozzo — 2010-01-18

Abstract: Drug testing in hair usually requires a rather complex sample treatment before drugs are amenable to analysis by either immunological and/or chromatographic coupled to mass spectrometry methods. Immunological methods applied are usually dedicated to hair analysis as analytes present in this matrix are not always the same present in urine. Comedical s.a.s. laboratories recently commercialized reagents (VMA-T) purposely designed for hair sample treatment which are compatible with current immunometric methods used for urine drug testing. This is possible as some analytes (6-MAM and cocaine) present in hair after sample treatment are converted to those detected in urine (morphine and benzoylecgonine). A correlation study for several drug classes performed in two laboratories with 32 clinical and 12 spiked drug free (controls) hair samples shows that implementation of the method on clinical chemistry analyzers is easy and that results obtained by different operators and instruments are comparable and reproducible. The main advantage of VMA-T method is the possibility to simultaneously extract from hair main drug classes, in a period of time lower than 2h and its compatibility with immunological methods applied in urine drug testing.

Solid-phase microextraction for the detection of codeine, morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in human hair by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry - Corrected Proof

M. Moller, K. Aleksa, P. Walasek, T. Karaskov, G. Koren — 2010-01-18

Abstract: Introduction: Opiate hair analysis continues to prove difficult due to the scarcity of hair sample and low drug concentrations. For this reason, we developed a sensitive method utilizing headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for the detection of three principle opiates; codeine, morphine, and 6-acetylmorphine.Methods: Experimental conditions for HS-SPME and GC–MS were systematically optimized to produce the sensitive analytical method reported. Briefly, opiates were extracted from adult hair with methanol under agitation. The methanolic extract was then decanted into SPME autosampler vials, where deuterated standards of each of the 3 opiates were added at a concentration of 2ng/mg. Samples were dried under N2, derivatized, and subjected to HS-SPME coupled with GC/MS for analysis.Results: Preliminary datum for this study indicates detection limits for these 3 opiates are superior to that reported in the literature; an LOQ of 0.01ng/mg for morphine and 6-acetylmorphine and 0.005ng/mg for codeine. Linearity was evident between 0.01ng/mg and 5ng/mg for each opiate, with R2 above 0.992. The robustness of the method was demonstrated to be acceptable as inter-day and intra-day precision fell below 15% for each opiate analyzed.Conclusion: Compared with conventional methods, this method of detection for opiates is fast, simple, and accurate, with the sensitivity and specificity required in forensic and clinical toxicology.

Buprenorphine detection in hair samples by immunometric screening test: Preliminary experience - Corrected Proof

Fiorenza Svaizer, Andrea Lotti, Massimo Gottardi, Maria Pia Miozzo — 2010-01-18

Abstract: The recent introduction of buprenorphine use by the Drug Addiction Services has induced toxicology laboratories to develop new qualitative or semiquantitative screening assay for its determination in hair samples. The aim of this preliminary study was to verify the correlation between the buprenorphine intake and the immunometric screening test results (VMA-T Comedical and buprenorphine CEDIA/Thermo-Fisher/Microgenics reagents) and therefore their comparison with the liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) results. Hair samples were obtained from 32 subjects without buprenorphine-therapy reported and 17 in treatment. In glass test tube with hermetic cap were weighed 33mg of 49 finely cut hair samples, washed with 1mL of SLV-VMA-T washing solution, which is then completely sucked and eliminated. The samples were extracted with 400μL of VMA-T reagent for an hour at 100°C. The extracts were analysed by immunometric screening test on ILab 650 chemistry analyser, using buprenorphine CEDIA reagent assay. From the 32 non-takers of drug, 30 semiquantitative results were less than 10pg/mg and 2 were over 10pg/mg; from the 17 subjects with therapy, all were over 10pg/mg (range 13–50pg/mg); no samples were false-negative. Results suggest that exist a good relationship between the administration of buprenorphine and its concentration in hair, detectable through this method and reagents line.

Sex determination from measurements of the sternum and fourth rib using multislice computed tomography of the chest - Corrected Proof

2010-01-18

Abstract: Introduction: One of the most important data that can be obtained from bones is sex determination for which the recommended method is taking metric measurements. Metric measurements can be performed directly on dried bones obtained from the cadaver or indirectly from their radiographs.Aim: We assessed the accuracy of sex determination and the applicability of previously defined rules using the sternum and 4th rib measurement data from chest multislice computed tomography (MSCT) imaging of 340 patients and developed a model/formula that would provide the best way to determine sex.Methods: We analyzed the chest MSCT of 340 patients (143 females, 197 males; mean age: 57.6±15.2 years) and created a coronal image parallel to the sternal long axis and a coronal image at the level of sternal ending of the 4th rib. The 5 sternal measurements [length of the manubrium and sternal body, combined length of the manubrium and sternal body (CL), manubrium width and corpus sterni width] and 4th rib width (FRW) described in the literature were obtained. Sternal index (SI) and sternal area (SA) were calculated from these measurements.Results: The left FRW values were used for sex determination as the left FRW was found to be more significant than the right FRW. An accuracy of over 80% was achieved for sex determination when the “142 rule” was used for CL only, a cut-off value of 5600mm2 for SA only and a cut-off value of 16mm for FRW only. We found that Hyrtl's law and SI did not provide adequate accuracy for sex determination in our patients. The model with the highest accuracy (88.2%) for sex determination used SA and FRW together. We also believe that the best predictors for sex determination using the sternum and 4th rib are SA and FRW, similar to the Torwalt and Hoppa report.Conclusion: Radiological methods such as MSCT are useful in making reliable measurements to be used in various anthropological and forensic investigations and determining their accuracy.

Determination of sex in South Indians and immigrant Tibetans from cephalometric analysis and discriminant functions - Corrected Proof

Venkatesh G. Naikmasur, Rahul Shrivastava, Sunil Mutalik — 2010-01-18

Abstract: Skeletal components play significant role in sex determination in forensic and anthropological fields. Skull is considered second best, after pelvis, in determination of sex. Methods based on morphological characteristics and morphometry are already in use with reasonable accuracy. Standardized radiographic techniques like cephalometry have advantages of being more precise and objective when compared to morphologic methods. The present study aimed at obtaining and comparing the reliability of cranio-mandibular parameters in South Indian and Indian immigrant of Tibetan populations using lateral and postero–anterior (PA) cephalograms. A total of 11 cephalometric parameters were traced on lateral and PA cephalograms manually. Functions to aid in the sex determination were developed by subjecting the cephalometric parameters to discriminant analysis. Among the chosen parameters bizygomatic width, ramus height, depth of face contributed most for sexual dimorphism in both the populations. Upper facial height was the additional parameter for sexual dimorphism in immigrant Tibetan population. The discrimination accuracy in South Indian population was 81.5% while that of immigrant Tibetan population was 88.2%. With the current study it can be concluded that cephalometric cranio-mandibular parameters can be used to discriminate the sex using discriminant function analysis and similar cranio-mandibular parameters contribute to sex prediction across populations.

Forensic differentiation of paper by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy - Corrected Proof

2010-01-18

Abstract: The possibility to discriminate between sheets of paper can be of considerable importance in questioned document examinations. 19 similar types of office paper were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to individuate the most discriminating features that could be measured by these techniques. The discriminating value associated to them was also assessed. By using a sequence of these two techniques, all the samples could be differentiated.

Occupational asphyxiation by unknown compound(s): Environmental and toxicological approach - Corrected Proof

2010-01-18

Abstract: During a routine truck-tank washing operation, five healthy workers were found motionless inside an empty tanker. Four of them died inside the tanker while the fifth died the following day in hospital. Since the true nature of the fatal compound(s) were not known, a rigorous environmental and toxicological approach supported by autopsy findings was essential to clarify the cause of death.Environmental results indicated that H2S fumes arising from the liquid sulfur previously shipped were responsible for the serial deaths, also confirmed by a simulation performed on two similar truck-tanks.These environmental findings were supported by toxicological analyses through the measurement of thiosulfate, one of the main H2S metabolites. Abnormal thiosulfate concentrations from 1.1 to 186.2mg/kg were revealed in all post-mortem biological samples (blood, lung, liver, kidney, brain and fat). Finally, the cluster analysis performed on thiosulfate body distribution contributed to establishing the time of death according to the accident scene reconstruction.This report presents valuable findings in correctly identifying the cause of death in gas asphyxiation cases by unknown compound(s).

Release of erythroblasts to the peripheral blood suggests higher exposure to hypoxia in cases of SIDS with co-sleeping compared to SIDS non-co-sleeping - Corrected Proof

2010-01-14

Abstract: Sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) includes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Co-sleeping is regarded as a major risk factor for SIDS. Under normal circumstances, nucleated red blood cells (nRBCs) are absent from the peripheral blood and their release can occur in cases with a probable hypoxic mode of death.The aim of our study was to assess the significance of the release of nRBCs in SIDS occurring during co-sleeping and the association with hemorrhages in the dura and the lungs.35 cases were retrospectively assigned to one of the following categories: (I) 9 SUDI (of various causes) with no co-sleeping; (II) 16 SIDS while co-sleeping; (III) cause of death in hypoxic circumstances (3 hangings, 2 cardiac malformations, 1 meningitis 1 intoxication with diazepam); (IV) 3 SIDS in the cot. nRBCs were present in 5/9 cases of Category I (mean: 0.5%); 10/16 cases of Category II (mean: 1.87%); 7/7 cases of Category III (mean: 3.8%) and 0/3 cases of Category IV (mean: 0). ANOVA one-way test showed a significance of 0.003 amongst the 4 groups. The presence of diffuse intra-alveolar hemorrhage was associated with a higher release of nRBCs (mean: 3.1%) than focal hemorrhage (mean 0.6%). nRBCs were associated with focal hemorrhages in the falx and tentorium (mean: 2.3 vs. 0.9% when no hemorrhages were seen). The high mean of nRBCs seen in the co-sleeping SIDS cases suggests a higher exposure to hypoxia in the co-sleeping group which may have led to the release of nRBCs. More cases need to be analyzed to confirm this hypothesis.

Prenatal hair development: Implications for drug exposure determination - Corrected Proof

Joey Gareri, Gideon Koren — 2010-01-14

Abstract: Neonatal hair is a clinically important toxicological matrix, as it allows determination of in utero drug exposure. This paper serves to review the physiological development of the hair follicle and hair production during fetal life. An understanding of the mechanisms and timing of hair development in the prenatal period is critical to effectively assessing the time window of exposure determination associated with toxicological analysis of neonatal hair.

11-Nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (THC-COOEt): Unsuccessful search for a marker of combined cannabis and alcohol consumption - Corrected Proof

2010-01-14

Abstract: 11-Nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (THC-COOEt) can be presumed to be a mixed metabolite formed during combined consumption of cannabinoids and alcohol. In order to examine this hypothesis, THC-COOEt and its deuterated analogue D3-THC-COOEt were synthesized as reference substance and internal standard from the corresponding carboxylic acids and diazoethane and methods were developed for the sensitive detection of THC-COOEt in plasma and hair based on gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry after silylation with N-methyl-N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide and gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) as well as tandem mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS-MS) after derivatization with pentafluoropropionyl anhydride. The methods were applied for THC-COOEt determination to plasma samples from 22 drunk driving cases which contained both ethanol (0.30–2.16mg/g) and THC-COOH (15–252ng/mL) as well as to 12 hair samples from drug fatalities which were both positive for THC (0.09–2.04ng/mg) and fatty acid ethyl esters as markers of chronic alcohol abuse (0.70–6.3ng/mg). In none of these samples THC-COOEt could be found with limits of detection of 0.3ng/mL in plasma and 2pg/mg in hair in 11 samples using GC-NCI-MS and 0.2pg/mg in one sample using GC-NCI-MS. Therefore, the use of this compound as a marker for combined cannabis and alcohol consumption could not be achieved.

Chemical analysis of four capsules containing the controlled substance analogues 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, α-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone - Corrected Proof

2010-01-14

Abstract: In August 2007, four capsules containing white powders, said to have originated from an Israel-based Internet company “Neorganics”, were anonymously delivered to the Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia. The capsules were analysed and the active components were identified including 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, α-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone, all of which were unlisted within South Australian controlled substance regulations. We examined the relevant scientific literature surrounding these chemicals and present both GCMS and NMR data for 4-methylmethcathinone and α-phthalimidopropiophenone, which have previously received little attention. We also present the vapour- and condensed-phase infrared spectra (IR) of 4-methylmethcathinone as these have also not been reported in the literature previously. We discuss the issues surrounding whether these chemicals can be classified as controlled substance analogues and the likely impact this could have on prosecutions of individuals distributing these products.

Comparing ballistic wounds with experiments on body simulator - Corrected Proof

F. Bresson, O. Franck — 2010-01-14

Abstract: This paper demonstrates how ballistic experiments on body simulator can bring a key information in the forensic science field. In the investigated case, a hunter was shot by accident in the back. Two hunters were suspected of having inadvertently shot towards the victim. The deadly bullet left the body and cannot be found on the scene neither in the body. The only way to discriminate the two options was to perform ballistic tests in body simulators. Even though the knowledge about body simulators is not enough advanced yet to expect accurate quantitative results, it was supposed to fully discriminate the two investigated cases as its respective impact energy are highly different (respectively 1200J and 2400J). For each investigated possibility, bullet's expansion state and body wounds were simulated. Bullet impact characteristics were determined by measuring the muzzle velocity, compute the impact velocity in the considered range (the position of each hunter is accurately known). Reloading cartridges allowed to reproduce accuretaly the corresponding velocity. The body was simulated by 3 different means in order to explore the accuracy of the simulation process. We demonstrated that the reported case is situated in a velocity/energy range in which body simulators do not need to be particularly accurate to reproduce the bullet expansion/non-expansion state. It furthermore demonstrated that only one case is compatible with the ballistic wounds of the victim. In the other case, the bullet's expansion would lead to a completely different wound shape.

Increased cannabinoids concentrations found in specimens from fatal aviation accidents between 1997 and 2006 - Corrected Proof

2010-01-14

Abstract: The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) reported a 1.5-fold increase in the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of street cannabis seizures from 1997 to 2001 versus 2002 to 2006. This study was conducted to compare the changes, over those years, in blood and urine cannabinoid concentrations with the potency of THC reported in the cannabis plant. Cannabinoids were screened using radioimmunoassay (RIA) for blood and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for urine and confirmed using GC/MS. A total of 95 individuals were found to be using cannabis from a total number of 2769 (3.4%) individuals tested over the period 1997 through 2006. Other impairing drugs were found in 38% of the cannabinoids-positive individuals. The mean concentration of THC in blood for 1997–2001 was 2.7ng/mL; for 2002–2006, it was 7.2ng/mL, a 2.7-fold increase in the mean THC concentration of specimens from aviation fatalities, compared to a 1.5-fold increase in cannabis potency reported by the NIDA and ONDCP. The mean age for cannabis users was 40 years (range 18–72) for aviation fatalities. For all blood and urine specimens testing negative for cannabinoids from aviation fatalities, the mean age of the individuals was 50 years (range 14–92). More than half of the fatalities tested were 50 years or older, whereas, 80% of the positive cannabis users were under 50. As indicated by these findings, members of the transportation industry, government regulators, and the general public should be made aware of the increased potential for impairment from the use of high-potency cannabis currently available and being used.

Effect of laundering on blunt force impact damage in fabrics - Corrected Proof

F.Y. Daroux, D.J. Carr, J. Kieser, B.E. Niven, M.C. Taylor — 2010-01-13

Abstract: Blunt force assault is a growing issue worldwide. In New Zealand, recorded cases of grievous blunt force assault increased steadily from 1011 in 1999 to 2139 in 2008 . In many cases of blunt force assault victims are struck on parts of their body covered by clothing, yet the use of damage to apparel as forensic evidence largely appears to have been overlooked. The current research investigated blunt force impact (BFI) damage in common apparel fabrics and the effects prior and post-laundering had on this damage. Two 100% cotton fabrics (single jersey knit, bull drill) were impacted as single and double layers using an impactor representative of a hammer face, the force transmitted through specimens was measured and impulse calculated. Impacting and laundering were completed cumulatively to establish the effects of impact damage on new, dimensionally stable (laundered 6 times) and aged fabrics (laundered up to 30 times), and the effects of laundering on impacted specimens. BFI left recognisable patterns of damage in specimens, although the extent of this damage varied. Laundering after the impact event altered the visible and microscopic damage. Laundering previously impacted fabrics produced holes in some specimens and some fibres exhibited failure characteristic of blunt force impact.

Sex differences from fingerprint ridge density in Chinese and Malaysian population - Corrected Proof

2010-01-13

Abstract: The fingerprints are very typical for a human being. The present study was undertaken to study the gender differences in fingerprint ridge density in Chinese and Malaysian population. The study done on 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) of Chinese origin and 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) of Malaysian origin revealed that significant gender differences occur in the finger ridge density. Fingerprint mean ridge density of 12 ridges/25mm2 or less is found to be more likely to be of males and a mean ridge count of more the 13 ridges/25mm2 is more likely of female origin in Chinese subjects. Fingerprint mean ridge density of 11 ridges/25mm2 or less is found to be more likely to be of males and a mean ridge count of more the 13 ridges/25mm2 is more likely of female origin in Malaysian subjects.

Small volume liquid extraction of amphetamines in saliva - Corrected Proof

Pinjia Meng, Yanyan Wang — 2010-01-13

Abstract: The present study introduced a procedure of small volume liquid extraction of amphetamines, including amphetamine (AM); methamphetamine (MA); 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA); 3,4-methylenemethamphtamine (MDMA), in saliva. Extraction efficiencies were compared between the conventional volume liquid phase extraction (LPE) and the small volume one, in which <100μL solvent was used instead of several milliliters in LPE. Conditions such as types and volumes of organic solvent used in the extraction and concentrations of target analytes in aqueous samples were examined. Results showed that small volume liquid extraction had an enrichment effect on the analytes. After extraction, the organic phase was either directly drawn out for GC analysis, or partially transferred to another vial for derivatization. Detection limits were less than 5ng/mL in saliva using GC/MS–SIM after derivatization. RSD (of peak area ratios) was less than 15% at all drug concentrations. The method was used in the analyses of saliva collected from amphetamine abusers, and was proven to be practical for detecting trace amounts of amphetamines in saliva.

A chloroform-related death: Analytical and forensic aspects - Corrected Proof

R.J. Flanagan, D.J. Pounder — 2010-01-13

Abstract: Chloroform is still encountered occasionally in clinical and forensic toxicology, hence knowledge of the special problems presented in the detection and measurement of this compound in biological specimens may be required. The aim of this paper is to review the available documentation on this topic in the context of a chloroform-related death.Early one morning in February 1999 a 34-year-old female was found dead fully clothed on a path near to a neighbour's garden. Amfetamine intoxication combined with hypothermia was accepted as the cause of the death in the absence of any other identifiable cause. Further investigation 17 months later revealed a blood chloroform concentration of 31mg/L and the cause of death was revised to chloroform poisoning. A murder trial ensued, the indictment specifying forced inhalation as the route of exposure. The liver chloroform concentration measured 38 months after collection was reported as 1064mg/kg and opinions were offered at trial that the autopsy findings, which included a gastritis, but no evidence of injury to the inside of the mouth and oesophagus, excluded the possibility of ingestion of a toxic dose of chloroform. It was asserted that the explanation for the high liver concentration was that the liver had concentrated chloroform from blood after death against a concentration gradient. At appeal against conviction 7 years later the conviction was quashed. It was found that the liver concentration should have been reported at trial as 1mg/kg. Moreover, chloroform found in the stomach contents (162mg/kg) 86 months after collection was irrefutable evidence that some, if not all, of the chloroform had been ingested.Screening for volatile poisons should always be considered if a cause of death is not immediately obvious, especially in young people and in known substance abusers. If the presence of an unstable or volatile analyte is suspected then sample collection, transport, and storage must be performed with the analysis in mind. Quantitative analysis of all available specimens should proceed forthwith once the presence of an unstable analyte is established if the cause of death is in doubt or if prosecution may follow. In the case of chloroform especial precautions are needed: (i) headspace analysis should be performed at 35°C to preclude the possibility of artefactual formation from trichloroacetic acid, (ii) precautions to prevent cross-contamination of biological samples in the laboratory must be taken, and (iii) interpretation of analytical results must take account of the widespread presence of chloroform in the environment on the one hand, and that the toxicity of chloroform varies greatly depending on the circumstances and intensity of exposure on the other.

Analytical methods for dating modern writing instrument inks on paper - Corrected Proof

Magdalena Ezcurra, Juan M.G. Góngora, Itxaso Maguregui, Rosa Alonso — 2010-01-11

Abstract: This work reviews the different analytical methods that have been proposed in the field of forensic dating of inks from different modern writing instruments. The reported works have been classified according to the writing instrument studied and the ink component analyzed in relation to aging. The study, done chronologically, shows the advances experienced in the ink dating field in the last decades.

Determination of glycyrrhetic acid after consumption of liquorice and application to a fatality - Corrected Proof

M.E. Albermann, F. Musshoff, L. Hagemeier, B. Madea — 2010-01-11

Abstract: Besides alcohol and drugs of abuse, several popular foods contain potentially toxic substances and cases of intoxication after consumption of these foods attract notice of forensic toxicology. This is also true for the case of a 34-year-old woman who was suspected to have suffered lethal acute intoxication from eating nothing but liquorice over a period of several months. The liquorice ingredient glycyrrhizin and its metabolite glycyrrhetic acid, which elicits a mineralocorticoid effect, were determined in the sort of liquorice the woman had consumed by using LC–MS/MS. In addition, a fast and sensitive procedure for the quantification of glycyrrhetic acid including a simple sample preparation was developed. The method was proven to be accurate and precise. In a liquorice ingestion experiment, 200g of liquorice had to be eaten. Afterwards, concentrations of glycyrrhetic acid in the blood of up to 434ng/ml were measured. Since only traces of glycyrrhetic acid had been found in the blood and stomach content of the deceased woman, the possibility of acute lethal glycyrrhetic acid intoxication could be eliminated. Excluding other causes of death, the woman is believed to have died from a lethal hyperglycemic coma. Nonetheless, the influence of harmful and toxic substances in food should be taken into consideration in special cases.

Validation of a headspace solid-phase microextraction–GC–MS/MS for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair according to forensic guidelines - Corrected Proof

2010-01-11

Abstract: The analysis of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair is a powerful tool for chronic alcohol abuse control because of the typical wide detection window of the hair matrix and due to the possibility of segmentation, allowing evaluation of alcohol consumption in different periods. Additionally, EtG in hair is often the only diagnostic parameter of choice for alcohol abuse when other clinical parameters such as ALT, AST, γGT and CDT (asialotransferrin and disialotransferrin) are in the normal range and EtG in urine negative. In this paper, we describe the development, optimization and validation of a new method based on hair extraction with water, clean-up by solid phase extraction (SPE), derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in combination with GC–MS/MS according to forensic guidelines. The assay linearity of EtG was confirmed over the range from 2.8 to 1000pg/mg hair, with a coefficient of determination (r2) above 0.999. The LLOQ was 2.8pg/mg and the LLOD was 0.6pg/mg. An error profile calculated according to the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM) at 99% confidence intervals for the range 5–750pg/mg hair did not exceed 10%. This range corresponds to more than 98% of the positive samples analysed.

Simultaneous screening and quantification of 52 common pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse in hair using UPLC–TOF-MS - Corrected Proof

2010-01-11

Abstract: An UPLC–TOF-MS method for simultaneous screening and quantification of 52 drugs in hair was developed and validated. The selected drugs represent the most common classes of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse such as amphetamines, analgesics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, cocaine, ketamine and opioids. Hair samples were extracted with methanol:acetonitrile:ammonium formate (2mM, 8% acetonitrile, pH 5.3) overnight at 37°C. The target drugs were separated and quantified using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC coupled to a Waters Micromass LCT Premier XE Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer. Total chromatographic run time was 17min. The data were treated with the MassLynx software ChromaLynx XS and QuanLynx for automated identification and quantification, respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.10ng/mg using a 10-mg hair sample and the limit of quantification was 0.05ng/mg for 87% of the analytes. A good linear behaviour was achieved for most of the analytes in the range from LOQ to 10 or 25ng/mg except for the amphetamines. The method showed an acceptable precision and trueness, since the obtained CV and BIAS values were ≤25% for 81% of the analytes. The extraction recoveries for 92% of the analytes ranged between 84 and 106% and the extraction recoveries for all analytes were better than 60%. The method was applied to 15 autopsy hair samples from forensic investigations showing a wide abuse pattern of many pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse within a period of less than three months. The present study demonstrated that the combination of accurate mass and retention time can provide good selectivity, which demonstrates that the TOF instrument is adequate for both screening and quantification purposes. Furthermore, it was shown that screening with the ChromaLynx XS software is less sensitive and selective for some analytes than the QuanLynx software, especially in low concentrations.

Combined use of fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair for diagnosis of alcohol abuse: Interpretation and advantages - Corrected Proof

F. Pragst, M. Rothe, B. Moench, M. Hastedt, S. Herre, D. Simmert — 2010-01-11

Abstract: In this study the combined use of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) for diagnoses of chronically excessive alcohol abuse is investigated at 174 hair samples from driving ability examination, workplace testing and child custody cases for family courts and evaluated with respect to the basics of interpretation. Using the cut-off values of 0.50ng/mg for FAEE and 25pg/mg for EtG, both markers were in agreement in 75% of the cases with 103 negative and 28 positive results and there were 30 cases with FAEE positive and EtG negative and 13 cases with FAEE negative and EtG positive. As the theoretical basis of interpretation, the pharmacokinetics of FAEE and EtG is reviewed for all steps between drinking of ethanol to incorporation in hair with particular attention to relationships between alcohol dose and concentrations in hair. It is shown that the concentrations of both markers are essentially determined by the area under the ethanol concentration in blood vs. time curve AUCEtOH, despite large inter-individual variations. It is demonstrated by calculation of AUCEtOH on monthly basis for moderate, risky and heavy drinking that AUCEtOH increases very strongly in the range between 60 and 120g ethanol per day. This specific feature which is caused by the zero-order elimination of ethanol is a favorable prerequisite for a high discrimination power of the hair testing for alcohol abuse. From the consideration of the different profiles of FAEE and EtG along the hair and in agreement with the literature survey, a standardized hair segment 0–3cm is proposed with cut-off values of 0.5ng/mg for FAEE and 30pg/mg for EtG. This improves also the agreement between FAEE and EtG results in the cases of the present study. A scheme for combined interpretation of FAEE and EtG is proposed which uses the levels of abstinence and the double of the cut-off values as criteria in addition to the cut-off's. Considering the large variations in the relationship between ethanol dose and FAEE and EtG concentrations in hair, the combined use of both parameters strongly increases the accuracy of the diagnosis by mutual confirmation and identification of false positive or false negative results due to biological variations or analytical errors.

Fatty acid ethyl ester concentrations in hair and self-reported alcohol consumption in 644 cases from different origin - Corrected Proof

Silke Süße, Carl M. Selavka, Tom Mieczkowski, Fritz Pragst — 2010-01-11

Abstract: For diagnosis of chronic alcohol abuse, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) were determined in hair samples from 644 individuals, mainly parents from child protection cases. The analysis for ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate and ethyl stearate was performed according to a validated procedure consisting of external degreasing by two times washing with n-heptane, extraction with a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide and n-heptane, separation and evaporation of the n-heptane layer, headspace solid phase microextraction of the residue after addition of phosphate buffer pH 7.6 and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using deuterated internal standards. For interpretation, the sum of the concentrations of the four esters CFAEE was used with the cut-off's 0.5ng/mg for the proximal scalp hair segment 0–3cm or less and 1.0ng/mg for scalp hair samples with a length between 3 and 6cm and for body hair.CFAEE ranged from 0.11 to 31ng/mg (mean 1.77ng/mg, median 0.82ng/mg). The mean concentration ratio between the 4 esters was 8:45:38:9. 298 cases had CFAEE above the cut-off's. Self-reported drinking data were obtained in 553 of the cases in the categories abstinent (156 cases), moderate drinking (252 cases) and excessive drinking (145 cases). Median and box-plot data clearly demonstrate differentiation of these ingestor sub-populations by CFAEE. However, in the abstinent and moderate groups the consumption was frequently underreported (37 and 110 cases positive) whereas in the group self-reported excessive drinking 32 cases were negative. Comparison of CFAEE with carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in 139 cases and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in 136 cases showed a good agreement in CDT- and GGT positive cases (27/28 and 32/41) but a large portion of the negative CDT- and GGT-results with positive hair test (44/100 and 48/95) which is explained mainly by the much shorter time window of CDT and GGT.No significant correlation was found between persons weight and CFAEE showing that the test is not biased against physical fitness or obesity. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference between scalp hair (541 samples) and hair from other body sites (84 samples).In conclusion, FAEE in hair appeared to be suitable markers for the detection of excessive drinking. However, as there is no proportionality between drinking amount and CFAEE, the additional use of other markers can increase the reliability of the interpretation.

Changes in antidepressant metabolism in pregnancy evidenced by metabolic ratios in hair: A novel approach - Corrected Proof

Lisa O’Brien, Carina Baumer, Detlef Thieme, Hans Sachs, Gideon Koren — 2010-01-11

Abstract: Background: Depression and other psychiatric illnesses are common during pregnancy and are often treated with antidepressants. Physiological changes of pregnancy may alter the pharmacokinetics of medications and ultimately affect the dose required to maintain effective therapy. Human hair offers a safe, non-invasive way to monitor long term systemic exposures to medications.Objective: To determine whether the ratio of hair antidepressant: major metabolite differed when early and late pregnancy was compared to the postpartum period.Methods: Segmental analyses using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry were performed on hair samples. The mean concentration of parent compound and metabolite was found for each trimester and the postpartum period.Results: Twelve women provided hair samples of which nine samples were long enough to analyze the first and third trimesters along with the postpartum period. Citalopram, venlafaxine, fluoxetine and sertraline were the antidepressants studied. In the citalopram group, a statistically significant difference existed between the citalopram:norcitalopram ratio when the first trimester was compared to the postpartum period (0.89±0.26 versus 1.4±0.24 respectively, p=0.022). A statistically significant difference also existed between the third trimester and the postpartum period for the citalopram group (0.9±0.14 and 1.4±0.24 respectively, p=0.048). No other statistically significant differences were found.Conclusion: It is important that variations in drug metabolism during pregnancy be considered as these changes may necessitate a dosage adjustment to ensure that therapeutic failure does not occur during pregnancy.

Ethyl glucuronide determination in meconium and hair by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry - Corrected Proof

2010-01-11

Abstract: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) detection in non-conventional matrices, such as hair and meconium, can provide useful information on alcohol abuse over a long time frame, for example during pregnancy or after a withdrawal treatment. This study reports on the development, validation and application of a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC–MS/MS) method for the analysis of EtG in meconium and hair. For each matrix, the sample preparation and the chromatographic separation were thoroughly optimised. Additionally, experiments with reversed-phase liquid chromatography were also performed in the development stages. Analyses were carried out using a Phenomenex Luna HILIC column (150mm×3mm, 5μm) and a mobile phase composed by ammonium acetate 2mM and acetonitrile, in gradient. Different SPE cartridges (Oasis MAX, Oasis WAX, aminopropyl silica) and solvents were tested in order to obtain the highest recoveries and cleanest extracts. Optimal results were obtained for meconium with aminopropyl cartridges, while for hair an incubation of 16h with 2mL of water and acetonitrile (50/50, v/v) provided good results. The analytical method was validated for both matrices (meconium and hair) by assessing linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery and limit of quantification. The calibration curve concentrations ranged from 50 to 1200pg/mg for meconium and from 20 to 1000pg/mg for hair. Real meconium and hair samples were analyzed and results were consistent with literature.

Dental age assessment among Iranian children aged 6–13 years using the Demirjian method - Corrected Proof

A. Bagherpour, M. Imanimoghaddam, M.R. Bagherpour, M. Einolghozati — 2010-01-11

Abstract: Background: Many methods of age estimation have been suggested, and of these, the Demirjian method is the most frequently used. The objective of the present study is to test the accuracy of the Demirjian method for age estimation in an Iranian population.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study involving 141 boys and 170 girls selected by a convenience sampling method was carried out. Panoramic radiography was used to score the left mandibular teeth and to obtain the Demirjian tooth age.Results: The Demirjian method overestimated the age of boys by 0.34 years and girls by 0.25 years. The scatter plots showing the difference between estimated dental age and chronological age for boys and girls showed that the regression lines had a decreasing trend with age. The mean difference between estimated dental age and chronological age in boys decreased with age (except in the oldest age group of boys). In contrast, it increased in girls between the ages of 6–8 years old, and then decreased.Conclusion: The results show that the Demirjian method is appropriate for estimating the dental age of patients, especially those belonging to the 9–13 year old age group. However, in the younger age groups, further study involving more cases is required.

Simultaneous extraction of trace organophosphorous pesticides from plasma sample by automated solid phase extraction and determination by gas chromatography coupled with pulsed flame photometric detector - Corrected Proof

Yuanfeng Wang, Ran Du — 2010-01-11

Abstract: The purpose of our work was to develop a simple and efficient analytical method for simultaneous determination of different species of organic phosphorus pesticides from plasma sample by using automated solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography/pulsed flame photometric detector (GC/PFPD) as a diagnostic tool. Firstly, the developed extraction method was validated using 5 certified reference materials; then, it was applied to plasma sample. Such factors as the category and volume of wash and elution solvent were examined separately. Among these factors, the category of elution solvent is most important. Hexane–acetone (50:50, v/v) seems to be the best choice for it. The eluent was evaporated on a nitrogen stream at room temperature and redissolved by acetone. 1μL of aliquots was chromatographed on GC/PFPD. Response versus the amount of pesticides injected ranging from 0.05 to 2ng showed a good linearity. The detection limits were 0.01ng for dimethoate, 0.03ng for methyl-parathion and malathion, 0.04ng for terbufos and 0.02ng for parathion. Extraction recoveries range from 84.3% to 109.1%.This extraction method for multispecies analysis incorporates many benefits in terms of speed, low solvent use, accuracy of measurement, sensitivity, relative simplicity, as well as the time saving and convenience of multiple species measurement through sample preparation and analysis as an integrated step.

Classification of OPP adhesive tapes according to MALDI mass spectra of adhesives - Corrected Proof

Y. Kumooka — 2010-01-11

Abstract: Classification of acrylic and rubber-based pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) of colorless and transparent oriented polypropylene adhesive tapes distributed in Japan according to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrum has been studied. MALDI mass spectra of acrylate oligomers and emulsifiers were observed from tetrahydrofuran extracts of acrylic PSAs, and aliphatic petroleum resin, aliphatic–aromatic copolymer and unknown additives were from 2-butanone extracts of rubber-based PSAs. Acrylic PSAs were classified into 10 groups and rubber-based PSAs were into 8 groups. The criteria for the classification according to the MALDI mass spectrum were clearer than according to FT-IR spectrum.

Editorial - Corrected Proof

Pascal Kintz — 2010-01-08

Given the limitations of self-reports on drug use, testing for drugs of abuse is important for most clinical and forensic toxicological situations, both for assessing the reality of the intoxication and for evaluation of the level of drug impairment.

Consensus of the Society of Hair Testing on hair testing for chronic excessive alcohol consumption 2009 - Corrected Proof

Pascal Kintz — 2010-01-08

Alcohol is a legal compound in many countries and is consumed in much higher amounts in comparison to other drugs of abuse and by a much higher portion of the population. Compared to other substances, the detection of chronic excessive alcohol consumption by hair analysis has some specific characteristics.