Forensic Science International - Articles in Press

Age estimation in children by measurement of open apices in tooth roots: Study of a Mexican sample - Corrected Proof

2012-05-17

Abstract: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to test the accuracy of Cameriere's European formula for age assessment in a large sample of Mexican children. The accuracy of dental age estimation was defined as how closely real age, measured as the difference between chronological age (CA) and dental age (DA), could be predicted. Digitalized orthopantomographs of 502 Mexican children (254 girls and 248 boys), aged between 5 and 15years, were analyzed. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were evaluated using Cameriere's method. Intra- and inter-observer variability for this technique was tested on a small random sample. Dental age was estimated for each individual and compared with known chronological age. Accuracy was measured as the difference between known chronological age and dental age and tested for significance with the mean prediction error (ME). The standard deviation and 95% confidence interval of the mean difference were also calculated. ME was 0.63years for girls and 0.52years for boys. ME was found to be slightly overestimated by 0.10years for girls, but was correctly estimated for boys with an accuracy of 0.00. In conclusion, this method is very useful and may be recommended for practical application both in clinical dentistry and forensic procedures on the Mexican population.

Isolation and purification of heroin from heroin street samples by preparative high performance liquid chromatography - Corrected Proof

Zhen Guo, Hui Zheng, Yanzhen Lu, Yun Wei — 2012-05-14

Abstract: The present study established a novel method using preparative high performance liquid chromatography to isolate and purify heroin·HCl from heroin street samples to be used as a reference standard. Different kinds of mobile phases and columns were used, ultimately the mobile phase consisting of hexane–isopropanol–methanol (65:28:7, v/v) and the SIL preparative column prepared in laboratory were selected as the final condition. Heroin was further purified by the drowning-out crystallization method using isopropanol–methanol (50:1, v/v) and hexane as drowning-out anti-solvents and salting-out agents, respectively. The purity was assessed by analytical high performance liquid chromatography and the confirmation of the chemical structure was performed by IR and NMR. About 110.7mg of heroin·HCl at a purity of over 99.52% was obtained from 180mg of heroin street samples which contained 156.15mg of heroin·HCl component by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. This method is suitable for preparing heroin standards in forensic science area.

Estimation of sex from hand and handprint dimensions in a Western Australian population - Corrected Proof

Nur-Intaniah Ishak, Naomi Hemy, Daniel Franklin — 2012-05-14

Abstract: A number of recent studies have demonstrated that sex can be estimated with a high degree of expected accuracy through the analysis of anthropometric measurements of the hand. Presently, however, the majority of previous related research has been focused on a limited range of global populations. The aim of the present study, therefore, is to evaluate the accuracy of using anthropometric hand measurements for the estimation of sex in a contemporary adult Western Australian population; we also assess if sex can be accurately estimated from the measurement of handprints.The study sample comprises a total of 91 male and 110 female individuals; documented mean age for the males is 38years (range 19–68) and for the female sample it is 36years (range 18–63). A total of six linear measurements are taken from each hand and its corresponding print. Measurement data is analysed using basic univariate statistics and a series of direct and stepwise discriminant function analyses are performed to assess the sex classification potential of the hand and handprint variables.All six hand and handprint measurements are sexually dimorphic and sex explains 28.4–61.7% of the sample variance. The breadth and length of the hand contribute most significantly to sex discrimination; cross-validated sex classification accuracies range between 82.6 and 96.5% with a sex bias of ≤5%. We conclude that anthropometric measurements of the hand and handprint can be used to classify sex with a high degree of expected accuracy in a Western Australian population.

Kinking of a coronary artery as a rare complication in mitral valve replacement - Corrected Proof

C. Schyma, G. Kernbach-Wighton, B. Madea — 2012-05-14

Abstract: We present the case of a 70-year old woman who had elective mitral and aortic valve surgery. She underwent surgery without complications for about 4h until 4 pm. Approx. 3h after surgery her condition deteriorated. 1500ml of blood were collected in the chest drainage until 11 pm. An emergency thoracotomy in the patient's bed showed a ventricular rupture. Death occurred around 11:30 pm.At autopsy, the implants of the biological mitral and aortic valves were found to be sewn tightly. There was no vascular injury and no unusual bleedings to the mediastinum. In the left ventricular wall, a rupture of 1cm and a surrounding fresh myocardial infarction area of 10cm×6cm was noted. Preparation of the coronary arteries showed moderate coronary atherossclerosis without stenosis or clots. The left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) showed a sharp, obviously stenosing kink which had been caused by the mitral valve surgery.Exsanguination due to ventricular rupture following myocardial infarction caused by implant-related “kinking” of a coronary artery, was found to be the cause of death.

Car accidents as a method of suicide: A comprehensive overview - Corrected Proof

2012-05-11

Abstract: The research literature provides evidence on the possible link between single-car accident drivers and suicidal intent, and some scholars have stressed the role of unconscious suicidal motivations in some single-car accidents. This paper review relevant literature on the topic and sheds light on neglected factors that may play a central role in reducing the number of deaths due to car accidents. We performed careful PubMed, and PsycInfo searches to identify all papers and book chapters in English during the period 1955–2011. Our overview of the literature indicates that above 2% of the traffic accidents are suicide behaviors. However, the phenomenon may be underreported, considering that suicides by car accidents may be reported as accidental in the national statistics. On the other hand, the association between accident-pronesses and unconscious self-destructive impulses is an issue that is difficult to solve.

Preliminary study of the succession pattern of necrobiont insects, colonising species and larvae on pig carcasses in Temuco (Chile) for forensic applications - Corrected Proof

Alexander Ortloff, Patricio Peña, Mario Riquelme — 2012-05-11

Abstract: Knowledge regarding the succession patterns of insects that visit carcasses as well as the other arthropod that colonise them and analysis of the parameters that are associated with larvae allow calculation of the minimum postmortem interval (PMI). This information is obtained from experiments carried out under specific geoclimatic conditions, which determine their application in forensic environments under similar conditions. The field study presented here is the first in Chile to analyse the decomposition process of pig carcasses and the associated succession of insects, colonising species and parameters related to larval masses. All of the larvae obtained from daily samples were measured (in mm), and their mean, range, standard deviation and stage of development (instars) were determined. The carcasses reached the dry remains stage in only 11 days. Seven species of Diptera visited the carcass during the process, but only two species colonised it by means of egg deposition followed by development of larvae: Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), which exhibited a duration of the development cycle from egg to adult of 21 days. The collected Coleoptera correspond to five predator species (Staphilinidae and Histeridae). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that only some of the insect species present in this region can provide information that can be used in forensic entomology and that analysis of larval masses of colonising species can be a valuable tool for determining the PMImin in this region of Chile.

Demystifying “oxi” cocaine: Chemical profiling analysis of a “new Brazilian drug” from Acre State - Corrected Proof

2012-05-09

Abstract: Recent information from various sources suggests that a new illicit drug, called “oxi”, is being spread across Brazil. It would be used in the smoked form and it would look like to crack cocaine: usually small yellowish or light brown stones. As fully released in the media, “oxi” would differ from crack cocaine in the sense that crack would contain carbonate or bicarbonate salts whereas “oxi” would include the addition of calcium oxide and kerosene (or gasoline).In this context, this work presents a chemical profiling comparative study between “oxi” street samples seized by the Civil Police of the State of Acre (CP/AC) and samples associated with both international and interstate drug trafficking seized by the Brazilian Federal Police in Acre (FP/AC).The outcome of this work assisted Brazilian authorities to stop inaccurate and alarmist releases on this issue. It may be of good use by the forensic community in order to better understand matters in their efforts to guide local law enforcement agencies in case such claims reach the international illicit market.

Toxicological and pathological findings in a series of buprenorphine related deaths. Possible risk factors for fatal outcome - Corrected Proof

Tor Seldén, Johan Ahlner, Henrik Druid, Robert Kronstrand — 2012-05-07

Abstract: Buprenorphine is considered to have little respiratory side effects at therapeutic doses and the partial agonistic properties should produce a “ceiling effect” for respiratory depression at higher doses. Still, there are several reports on buprenorphine related deaths. Most deaths involve drug users and the co-administration of other CNS depressant drugs as well as reduced tolerance have been suggested to be risk factors. The primary aims were to investigate if lack of tolerance and/or co-ingestion of other psychotropic drugs are significant risk factors in buprenorphine fatalities. From July 2005 to September 2009, all autopsy cases where buprenorphine or norbuprenorphine had been detected in femoral blood and where analysis of buprenorphine had been performed in urine were selected. Results from the postmortem examination and toxicology were compiled. Postmortem toxicology was performed using the routine methodology at the laboratory. In total, 97 subjects were included in the study. These were divided into four groups; Intoxication with buprenorphine (N=41), Possible intoxication with buprenorphine (N=24), Control cases where buprenorphine was not the cause of death (N=14), and Unclear (N=18). The metabolite to parent compound ratios in both blood and urine in the Intoxication group were significantly different from those in the Control and Unclear groups. An extensive poly-drug use was seen in all groups with several additional opioids in the Possible group (54%) and in the Unclear group (78%) and hypnotics or sedatives in more than 75% of the Intoxication, Possible, and Unclear cases. Illicit drugs were present in all groups but not to a great extent with amphetamine and tetrahydrocannabinol as the main findings. Interestingly, 4 cases in the Intoxication group presented with no other significant drugs in blood other than buprenorphine. We conclude that a lethal concentration of buprenorphine in blood cannot be defined. Instead the analysis of blood as well as urine can be an important tool to show that the drug was taken shortly before death and to rule out a continuous use of buprenorphine supporting the notion that abstinence is an important risk factor. The presence of alprazolam in more than 40% of the Intoxications and the presence of hypnotics and sedatives in 75% of the Intoxications suggests that these drugs interact with buprenorphine producing toxic effects that buprenorphine alone would not have produced. Still, in 10% of the Intoxications no other drugs were found indicating that under certain circumstances buprenorphine alone may produce respiratory depression resulting in death.

Measuring human remains in the field: Grid technique, total station, or MicroScribe? - Corrected Proof

Vladimír Sládek, Patrik Galeta, Daniel Sosna — 2012-05-07

Abstract: Although three-dimensional (3D) coordinates for human intra-skeletal landmarks are among the most important data that anthropologists have to record in the field, little is known about the reliability of various measuring techniques. We compared the reliability of three techniques used for 3D measurement of human remain in the field: grid technique (GT), total station (TS), and MicroScribe (MS). We measured 365 field osteometric points on 12 skeletal sequences excavated at the Late Medieval/Early Modern churchyard in Všeruby, Czech Republic. We compared intra-observer, inter-observer, and inter-technique variation using mean difference (MD), mean absolute difference (MAD), standard deviation of difference (SDD), and limits of agreement (LA). All three measuring techniques can be used when accepted error ranges can be measured in centimeters. When a range of accepted error measurable in millimeters is needed, MS offers the best solution. TS can achieve the same reliability as does MS, but only when the laser beam is accurately pointed into the center of the prism. When the prism is not accurately oriented, TS produces unreliable data. TS is more sensitive to initialization than is MS. GT measures human skeleton with acceptable reliability for general purposes but insufficiently when highly accurate skeletal data are needed. We observed high inter-technique variation, indicating that just one technique should be used when spatial data from one individual are recorded. Subadults are measured with slightly lower error than are adults. The effect of maximum excavated skeletal length has little practical significance in field recording. When MS is not available, we offer practical suggestions that can help to increase reliability when measuring human skeleton in the field.

New evidence for old lore – Urinary bladder distension on post-mortem computed tomography is related to intoxication - Corrected Proof

2012-05-07

Abstract: Introduction: Distension of the urinary bladder is reported to be a sign of intoxication at autopsy. The purpose of this study was to compare radiologically calculated urinary bladder volume (UBV) to autopsy measurements of UBV, and to investigate the relationship between intoxication and calculated UBV.Materials and methods: Autopsy reports, toxicology reports and post-mortem CTs of 332 adult human cadavers were retrospectively analyzed, 259 cases were included in the final population. Spearman's rho test was used to compare calculated UBV to autopsy measurements. Significance levels for UBV in relation to toxicology results were investigated with the Mann–Whitney test. Spearman's rho test was also used to correlate the widest left–right bladder diameter on axial images to calculated UBV. Both calculated UBV and axial diameters were subjected to receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for individual cutoff values.Results: There is a strong correlation and high consistency (r=0.92, p<0.001) between the measured and calculated UBV. Positive toxicology results strongly correlate with calculated UBV (p<0.001). Additionally, there is a strong correlation between calculated UBV and axial urinary bladder diameter (p<0.001). UBV of 182ml and >330ml indicate positive toxicology results with a sensitivity/specificity of 40%/87% and 25%/97% respectively. Axial urinary bladder diameter of 8.5cm and >10cm indicate positive toxicology results with a sensitivity/specificity of 36%/85% and 16%/95% respectively.Conclusions: Radiologically calculated UBV accurately represents the autoptically measured UBV. The occurrence of urinary bladder distension on post-mortem imaging should raise suspicion of intoxication.

Suicidal sodium azide intoxication: An analytical challenge based on a rare case - Corrected Proof

2012-05-07

Abstract: Introduction: Intentional absorption of sodium azide is exceptional but remains extremely life-threatening because death rapidly occurs when significant doses are absorbed, either due to the direct effect of sodium azide or an indirect effect due to nitric oxide, cyanide ions or hydrazoic acid production from sodium azide.Case report: The body of a laboratory assistant, was discovered by his colleagues in the laboratory, seated on a chair located near a digital computer displaying information about sodium azide. Moreover, a half empty 99% sodium azide flask was found near the corpse. The laboratory staff confirmed that the young man was still alive 5h prior to discovery.Results: Postmortem examination did not show any cutaneous signs of injury due to a defensive struggle. Bilateral ungual cyanosis was observed as well as a major cerebral edema and visceral congestion on autopsy. The elevated sodium azide concentration found in the gastric sample and the amount of gastric content allowed to conclude that sodium azide intake was more than 6g which was above the lethal dose, i.e. approximately 1g. Surprisingly, no sodium azide was found either in blood and serum, or in hepatic and renal tissue samplings. However, major concentrations were observed in the gastric contents, bile and urinary samples, as well as in cardiac and cerebral tissues samples. No other toxic element was found. Therefore, the post-mortem findings, the autopsy and the analytical results suggested that the laboratory assistant died after an intentional sodium azide ingestion.Conclusion: Sodium azide poisoning by ingestion has to date remained extremely rare and our case highlights the extreme lability of sodium azide as it was absent in the blood, in spite of significant concentrations in stomach content and some tissues. Therefore, the necessity of multiple tissues samples during autopsy should be underlined.

Oral injuries in victims involving intimate partner violence - Corrected Proof

Inês Morais Caldas, Ana Clara Grams, Américo Afonso, Teresa Magalhães — 2012-05-07

Abstract: Introduction: Current literature states that dental medicine can have an important role in diagnosing situations of domestic violence, namely cases of intimate partner violence, since many of the injuries that occur in this context concern the head and neck areas. The aim of this study was to characterize oral injuries in these cases in a Portuguese population, and to determine the kind of permanent consequences that they might represent.Material and methods: 332 forensic reports of domestic violence survivors were analysed. The reports concerned examinations performed in the North Branch of the National Institute of Legal Medicine of Portugal in 2007. Reports were assessed in order to obtain data regarding victim and offender demographic characteristics, and to characterize the nature and number of sustained injuries and their permanent consequences.Main results: Most victims were females with a mean age of 33.7 years; the most frequent offender was the spouse; the majority of oral injuries affected soft tissues; permanent body consequences were found mainly in the teeth and periodontal tissues; permanent functional consequences were described as chewing difficulties, feeling pain or soft tissue mobility changes; permanent consequences for life activities referred mostly to social life aspects.Conclusions: Oral injuries and their consequences were observed in 13.4% of intimate partner violence cases, and though being suggestive of this kind of violence, oral injuries alone are insufficient to identify this kind of abuse, and additional diagnostic criteria and evidence should be used.

Traumatic asphyxial deaths in car crush: Report of 3 autopsy cases - Corrected Proof

Hrishikesh Pathak, Jaydeo Borkar, Pradeep Dixit, Manish Shrigiriwar — 2012-05-07

Abstract: Traumatic asphyxia is a rare syndrome due to compression of thorax, abdomen or both. The diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia is based on typical findings consisting of cervico-facial congestion with swelling, multiple petechial hemorrhages in skin and conjunctiva with a history of traumatic compression. The authors report three cases of traumatic asphyxia in car crash to illustrate few unusual findings along with the typical autopsy findings. All three cases showed the typical findings of traumatic asphyxia. Regarding unusual findings, blisters containing hemorrhagic fluid were observed in two cases over areas subjected to traumatic compression. One case showed the peculiar skin pattern in the form of absent congestion corresponding to the tight-fitting strap of banyan. Subcutaneous emphysema was noted in two cases in presence of intact visceral pleura. These unusual findings could be used as additional markers of traumatic asphyxia in conjunction with characteristic features to support the diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia.

Age estimation charts for a modern Australian population - Corrected Proof

Matthew Blenkin, Jane Taylor — 2012-05-07

Abstract: Calculation of the biological age of an individual has application in many fields of dentistry. It can be used to determine the appropriate timing of interventionist treatment for example in orthodontics; to analyse the developmental stage of an individual relative to the general population in the management of genetic or congenital conditions which disturb growth; and to estimate the age of a living or deceased person for forensic purposes.Many of the techniques used to estimate age can be quite time consuming to complete. This time component is a major disadvantage in a forensic context when age estimations in mass disasters are required as part of the post-mortem examination process. Consequently, forensic practitioners have tended to use the simpler but less reliable atlas style techniques of Schour and Massler and Ubelaker in these situations.For mass disaster situations, such as the recent Victorian Bushfires, it would be advantageous to have access to Australian specific data in the convenient Schour and Massler format.This project reinterpreted the Australian data previously collected by Blenkin and other relevant studies and applied it to a schematic similar to that of Ubelaker to develop a reliable, convenient and contemporary reference for use in age estimation.

Applicability of Greulich and Pyle and Demirijan aging methods to a sample of Italian population - Corrected Proof

2012-05-07

Abstract: Age estimation in forensics is essential in cases involving both living and dead subjects. For living subjects, age estimation may be used to establish an individual's status as a minor in cases involving adoption, criminal responsibility, child pornography, and those seeking asylum. Criteria for age estimation in the living have recently been put forth by The Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics. The group has proposed guidelines with a three-step procedure: a physical examination and anthropometrical analysis; dental analysis by orthopantomogram (OPG); and X-ray study of the left hand and wrist. The board of FASE highlighted advantages and limits of each method, and suggested practical solutions concerning the age estimation process for adults and subadults.The aim of this study was to verify the applicability of the Greulich and Pyle, and Demirjian techniques on a sample group of Italians, whose ages were known, in determining the skeletal and dental age, in addition to evaluating the reliability of these techniques. 535 subjects between the ages of 7 and 15years were examined, each one undergoing both an orthopantomography (OPG) and radiography of the left wrist and hand. The data obtained underwent statistical analysis. The analyses have shown that a correlation exists between skeletal and dental age, and real age. Age estimation carried out using the Greulich and Pyle method has shown itself to be especially accurate on the Italian sample, particularly in the age ranges of 7–9years and 10.4–11.5years. The Greulich and Pyle method has shown itself to be reliable for the sample analyzed notwithstanding the ethnic differences between the original sample of reference and those analyzed in this study. Application of the Demirjian technique resulted in an overestimation of dental age. This difference is shown to be more highly significant in the higher age ranges. The combination of the Greulich and Pyle, and Demirjian methods have revealed a difference regarding real age, which turns out to be more modest in the younger age ranges and more significant in older subjects.

Presence of psychoactive substances in oral fluid from randomly selected drivers in Denmark - Corrected Proof

2012-05-03

Abstract: This roadside study is the Danish part of the EU-project DRUID (Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol, and Medicines) and included three representative regions in Denmark. Oral fluid samples (n=3002) were collected randomly from drivers using a sampling scheme stratified by time, season, and road type. The oral fluid samples were screened for 29 illegal and legal psychoactive substances and metabolites as well as ethanol. Fourteen (0.5%) drivers were positive for ethanol (alone or in combination with drugs) at concentrations above 0.53g/l, which is the Danish legal limit. The percentage of drivers positive for medicinal drugs above the Danish legal concentration limit was 0.4%; while, 0.3% of the drivers tested positive for one or more illicit drug at concentrations exceeding the Danish legal limit. Tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, and amphetamine were the most frequent illicit drugs detected above the limit of quantitation (LOQ); while, codeine, tramadol, zopiclone, and benzodiazepines were the most frequent legal drugs. Middle aged men (median age 47.5years) dominated the drunk driving group, while the drivers positive for illegal drugs consisted mainly of young men (median age 26years). Middle aged women (median age 44.5years) often tested positive for benzodiazepines at concentrations exceeding the legal limits. Interestingly, 0.6% of drivers tested positive for tramadol, at concentrations above the DRUID cut off; although, tramadol is not included in the Danish list of narcotic drugs. It can be concluded that driving under the influence of drugs is as serious a road safety problem as drunk driving.

Effect of different post-feeding intervals on the total time of development of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) - Corrected Proof

Madeleine Mai, Jens Amendt — 2012-05-03

Abstract: By estimating the age of the immature stages of flies developing on a corpse, forensic entomologists are able to establish the minimum post-mortem interval. Blowflies, which are the first and most important colonizers, usually leave the cadaver at the end of the last larval stage searching for a pupation site. This period of development is referred as the post-feeding or wandering stage. The characteristics of the ground where the corpse was placed might be of notable importance for the post-feeding dispersal time: For pupariation the larvae prefer an environment protected from light and predators and may have a longer dispersal time in order to reach an appropriate pupation site. Hence, the dispersal time can vary and may influence the total time of development which may lead to an erroneous calculation of the post-mortem interval.This study investigates the effect of various post-feeding time intervals on the development of the blowfly Lucilia sericata at a temperature of 25°C. As larvae reached the post-feeding stage a pupariation substrate was offered at 0 and after 12, 24 and 48h. Only the larvae with a dispersal time of 24h (total time of development 325.2h; median) and 48h (total time of development 347.7h; median) showed a significantly longer total development time compared to the control group (total time of development 318.4h; median). The mortality rate did not differ between groups; however the flies that emerged from the group with a dispersal of 48h were significantly smaller indicating increased energy consumption during dispersal.The results of this study indicate that a prolonged post-feeding stage could increase the total developmental time of L. sericata which should be taken into consideration when interpreting entomological findings. The need for a serious examination of current rearing practices in forensic entomology laboratories is indicated because reference data sets for the time of development are usually produced by offering the post-feeding stage a substrate for pupariation immediately.

Evaluation of four oral fluid devices (DDS®, Drugtest 5000®, Drugwipe 5+® and RapidSTAT®) for on-site monitoring drugged driving in comparison with UHPLC–MS/MS analysis - Corrected Proof

2012-05-03

Abstract: New Italian legislation on driving under the influence of drugs considers oral fluid (OF) as a possible alternative drug testing matrix. On this basis, the present research was carried out to evaluate the applicability of four commercial on-site OF drug screening devices, namely DDS®, Drugtest 5000®, Drugwipe 5+® and RapidSTAT®, in a real operative context.Preliminarily trained police officers tested randomly stopped drivers with two different kits side-by-side during roadside patrols. A central laboratory confirmed on-site kits’ results by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis of the saliva specimen remaining after the screening analysis. 1025 drivers were submitted to the OF tests: 11.6% were positive for cocaine and metabolites, 11.1% for THC, 6% for amphetamines and amphetamine-type designer drugs and 2.3% for ketamine.The sensitivities of the kits were 81% (RapidSTAT®), 82% (DDS®), 90% (Drugwipe 5+®) and 97% (Drugtest 5000®) for cocaine and 38% (DDS®), 47% (Drugwipe 5+®), 72% (RapidSTAT®) and 92% (Drugtest 5000®) for THC. Drugtest 5000 was the only kit showing an acceptable sensitivity for on-site application. Only Drugtest 5000® and RapidSTAT® could be evaluated for amphetamines and methamphetamines: Drugtest 5000® showed a sensitivity of 100% in the case of amphetamines and 86% for methamphetamines, while RapidSTAT® 90% and 76% respectively. Nowadays, ketamine is not included in the target analytes of any on-site devices, but it was systematically included in the UHPLC–MS/MS confirmatory analysis. To ensure adequate reliability, MS confirmation of on-site OF screening tests is anyway always necessary, due to the presence of a significant number of false positive results even when using the commercial kit with the best performance.

Use of tetrahydrozoline for chemical submission - Corrected Proof

Matthew E. Stillwell, Joseph J. Saady — 2012-05-03

Abstract: Background: We report two cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault which presented with CNS depression rendering the victims vulnerable to sexual assault and unable to recall the events surrounding the crimes. In each tetrahydrozoline (THZ) was quantified.Case report: Case #1 ingested an unknown amount of eye drops containing THZ mixed with alcoholic beverages. Case #1 presented to the emergency department (ED) approximately 7h after reportedly being sexually assaulted and was without symptoms in the ED. Earlier reports from individuals who saw her indicated the victim to be “heavily intoxicated”. Case #2 also ingested an unknown amount of eye drops containing THZ mixed with alcoholic beverages. Case #2 presented to an ED without symptoms approximately 23h after reportedly being sexually assaulted. Urine obtained from both cases was assessed for THZ concentrations using gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry.Case discussion: Case #1 had a 0.15g% (by weight by volume) urine ethanol concentration and a urinary THZ concentration of 1.481ng/ml, approximately 7h after ingestion. Case #2 was negative for ethanol but had a urine THZ concentration of 108ng/ml at 23h post-ingestion. Few case reports have been published documenting the use of THZ to facilitate sexual assault.Conclusion: We report two cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault involving the use of THZ where alcoholic beverages were concomitantly consumed. This is the first paper to our knowledge which discusses pharmacology of THZ ingestion and the significance of alcohol being present.

A survey of the potency of Japanese illicit cannabis in fiscal year 2010 - Corrected Proof

2012-05-03

Abstract: In recent years, increased ‘cannabis potency’, or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in cannabis products, has been reported in many countries. A survey of Japanese illicit cannabis was conducted from April 2010 to March 2011. In Japan, all cannabis evidence is transferred to the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare after criminal trials. The evidence was observed at Narcotics Control Department offices in major 11 cities. The total number of cannabis samples observed was 9072, of which 6376 were marijuana. The marijuana seizures were further classified, and it was found that in terms of the number of samples, 65.2% of them were seedless buds, and by weight 73.0% of them were seedless buds. Seedless buds were supposed to be ‘sinsemilla’, a potent class of marijuana. THC, cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) in marijuana seizures exceeding 1g were quantified. The number of samples analyzed was 1115. Many of them were shown to contain CBN, an oxidative product from THC. This was a sign of long-term storage of the cannabis and of the degradation of THC. Relatively fresh cannabis, defined by a CBN/THC ratio of less than or equal to 0.1, was chosen for analysis. Fresh seedless buds (335 samples) contained an average of 11.2% and a maximum of 22.6% THC. These values are comparable to those of ‘high potency cannabis’ as defined in previous studies. Thus, this study shows that highly potent cannabis products are distributed in Japan as in other countries.

(1S,2S)-1-Methylamino-1-phenyl-2-chloropropane: Route specific marker impurity of methamphetamine synthesized from ephedrine via chloroephedrine - Corrected Proof

2012-05-03

Abstract: Identification of route specific marker impurities of (S)-(+)-methamphetamine can provide us with very useful information for (S)-(+)-methamphetamine abuse criminal investigation. (1S,2S)-(+)-Chloropseudoephedrine and (1R,2S)-(−)-chloroephedrine are well known impurities of (S)-(+)-methamphetamine synthesized by metal catalyzed hydrogenation of (1R,2S)-(−)-ephedrine or (1S,2S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine. In this report (1S,2S)-1-methylamino-1-phenyl-2-chloropropane is identified as a route specific marker impurity from metal catalyzed hydrogenation method for the synthesis of (1R,2S)-(−)-ephedrine or (1S,2S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine via its chloro-derivative. (1S,2S)-1-Methylamino-1-phenyl-2-chloropropane is a ring-opening compound of cis-1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine by reacting with HCl in high temperature condition of GC inlet.

Estimation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) co-consumption in serum samples of drivers positive for amphetamine or ecstasy - Corrected Proof

S. Lott, F. Musshoff, B. Madea — 2012-05-03

Abstract: There is no toxicological analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) applied routinely in cases of driving under influence (DUI); therefore the extent of consumption of this drug might be underestimated. Its consumption is described as occurring often concurrently with amphetamine or ecstasy.This study examines 196 serum samples which were collected by police during road side testing for GHB. The samples subject to this study have already been found to be positive for amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and/or 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA).Analysis has been performed by LC/MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Due to its polarity, chromatographic separation of GHB was achieved by a HILIC column. To differentiate endogenous and exogenous levels of GHB, a cut-off concentration of 4μg/ml was applied.Of the 196 samples, two have been found to be positive for GHB. Of these samples, one sample was also positive for amphetamine and one for MDMA. Whilst other amphetamine derivates were not detected in these samples, both samples were found to be positive for cannabinoids.These results suggest that co-consumption of GHB with amphetamine or ecstasy is relatively low (1%) for the collective of this study.

Detection of nitro-organic and peroxide explosives in latent fingermarks by DART- and SALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry - Corrected Proof

2012-05-01

Abstract: The ability of two mass spectrometric methods, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (SALDI-TOF-MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), to detect the presence of seven common explosives (six nitro-organic- and one peroxide-type) in spiked latent fingermarks has been examined. It was found that each explosive could be detected with nanogram sensitivity for marks resulting from direct finger contact with a glass probe by DART-MS or onto stainless steel target plates using SALDI-TOF-MS for marks pre-dusted with one type of commercial black magnetic powder. These explosives also could be detected in latent marks lifted from six common surfaces (paper, plastic bag, metal drinks can, wood laminate, adhesive tape and white ceramic tile) whereas no explosive could be detected in equivalent pre-dusted marks on the surface of a commercial lifting tape by the DART-MS method due to high background interference from the tape material. The presence of TNT and Tetryl could be detected in pre-dusted latent fingermarks on a commercial lifting tape for up to 29 days sealed and stored under ambient conditions.

Interobserver agreement of the injury diagnoses obtained by postmortem computed tomography of traffic fatality victims and a comparison with autopsy results - Corrected Proof

Peter Mygind Leth, Henrik Struckmann, Jens Lauritsen — 2012-04-30

Abstract: The present study investigated the interobserver variation between a radiologist and a forensic pathologist in 994 injury diagnoses obtained by postmortem computed tomography (CT) of 67 traffic fatality victims, and the results were compared with diagnoses obtained by autopsy. The injuries were coded according to the abbreviated injury scale (AIS). We found a low interobserver variability for postmortem CT injury diagnoses, and the variability was the lowest for injuries with a high AIS severity score. The radiologist diagnosed more injuries than the pathologist, especially in the skeletal system, but the pathologist diagnosed more organ injuries. We recommend the use of a radiologist as a consultant for the evaluation of postmortem CT images. Training in radiology should be included in forensic medicine postgraduate training. CT was superior to autopsy in detecting abnormal air accumulations, but autopsy was superior to CT in the detection of organ injuries and aortic ruptures. We recommend a combination of CT and autopsy for the postmortem investigation of traffic fatality victims.

How reliable are Hounsfield-unit measurements in forensic radiology? - Corrected Proof

2012-04-25

Abstract: Objective: To assess the reliability of computed tomography (CT) numbers, also known as Hounsfield-units (HU) in the differentiation and identification of forensically relevant materials and to provide instructions to improve the reproducibility of HU measurements in daily forensic practice.Materials and methods: We scanned a phantom containing non-organic materials (glass, rocks and metals) on three different CT scanners with standardized parameters. The t-test was used to assess the influence of the scanner, the size and shape of different types of regions-of-interest (ROI), the composition and shape of the object, and the reader performance on HU measurements. Intra-class correlation coefficient was used to assess intra- and inter-reader reliability.Results: HU values did not change significantly as a function of ROI-shape or -size (p>0.05). Intra-reader reliability reached ICC values >0.929 (p<0.001). Inter-reader reliability was also excellent with an ICC of 0.994 (p<0.001). Four of seven objects yielded significantly different CT numbers at different levels within the object (p<0.05). In 6/7 objects the HU changed significantly from CT scanner to CT scanner (p<0.05).Conclusion: Reproducible CT number measurements can be achieved through correct ROI-placement and repeat measurements within the object of interest. However, HU may differ from CT-scanner to CT-scanner. In order to obtain comparable CT numbers we suggest that a dedicated Forensic Reference Phantom be developed.

A post-processing technique for cranial CT image identification - Corrected Proof

Jian-Jun Wang, Jun-Ling Wang, Yan-Ling Chen, Wen-Sheng Li — 2012-04-23

Abstract: Objective: A major challenge in radiographic identification is the inconsistent orientation between clinical (ante-mortem, AM) and post-mortem (PM) radiographs. The objectivity and accuracy of radiological identification would be greatly enhanced by post-processing techniques that allow quantitative comparison of PM CT data in the same orientation as the AM CT data. Methods: We applied a post-processing technique to reposition a multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scan for spatial registration with a CT radiograph from the same patient. A second set of MSCT images from different individuals served as the non-matched control group. The consistency in radiographic positioning eliminated subjectivity in the comparison and identification process because the radiograph superposition provided objective evidence that confirmed the identification with fine detail. Results: A quantitative comparison with statistical validation was achieved by measuring a set of 14 landmarks from the images. Discrimination of identity based on logistic regression analysis of the earlier CT patient scans (the AM group) versus subsequent MSCT scans (the PM group) was objective and reliable. Conclusion: This quantitative comparison depends less on subjective judgment and the experience of the examiner, and so may meet legal standards.

Voltammetric determination of Δ9-THC in glassy carbon electrode: An important contribution to forensic electroanalysis - Corrected Proof

2012-04-23

Abstract: A new voltammetric method for the determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is described. The voltammetric experiments were accomplished in N-N dimethylformamide/water (9:1, v/v), using tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB) 0.1mol/L as supporting electrolyte and a glassy carbon disk electrode as the working electrode. The anodic peak current was observed at 0.0V (vs. Ag/AgCl) after a 30s pre-concentration step under an applied potential of −1.2V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A linear dependence of Δ9-THC detection was obtained in the concentration range 2.4–11.3ng/mL, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit of 0.34ng/mL. The voltammetric method was used to measure the content of Δ9-THC in samples (hemp and hashish) confiscated by the police. The elimination of chemical interferences from the samples was promptly achieved through prior purification using the TLC technique, by employing methanol/water (4:1, v/v) as the mobile phase. The results showed excellent correlation with results attained by HPLC.

Sex determination from os sacrum by postmortem CT - Corrected Proof

Wolf-Dieter Zech, Gary Hatch, Lea Siegenthaler, Michael J. Thali, Sandra Lösch — 2012-04-23

Abstract: Sex determination in forensic practice is performed mostly on sexually dimorphic bones, including pelvic bones such as the os sacrum. Postmortem CT scan provides an easy and fast method for depicting and measuring bone structures prior to elaborate autopsy preparations. To develop a simple and objective method for sex determination in postmortem CT, metric data were evaluated from CT images of the pelvic-associated os sacrum of 95 corpses (49 men and 46 women) from the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. Discriminant function analysis of the data showed that the best accuracy in determining sex was 76.8% and 78.9% with two different observers. It is concluded that measuring the os sacrumin postmortem CT for sex determination has moderate accuracy and should only be applied in combination with other methods.

A brain penetration after Taser injury: Controversies regarding Taser gun safety - Corrected Proof

2012-04-23

Abstract: We report the case of a 27 year old man who was injured by a Taser gun device which penetrated the frontal part of the skull and damaged the underlying frontal lobe. Cerebral penetration was revealed by a brain CT scan. A neurosurgical procedure was required to remove the dart from the skull and brain and the evolution was successful allowing discharge of the patient one week later. There were no additional lesions, particularly electrifying lesion, as only one probe had penetrated the skull.We also observed the length of a Taser dart is sufficient to allow brain penetration.Fortunately, no infection or neurological complication occurred following brain injury.This case study underlines the potential risk induced by the use of Taser stun gun. Although generally regarded as a safe alternative, serious injuries have however been reported and questions regarding the safety of the device still remains unresolved.

Degradation in soil of precursors and by-products associated with the illicit manufacture of methylamphetamine: Implications for clandestine drug laboratory investigation - Corrected Proof

2012-04-20

Abstract: Key precursors and by-products in the Leuckardt, Nagai and dissolving metal reductive syntheses of methylamphetamine undergo degradation in soil as a result of biotic and abiotic processes. Furthermore, methylamphetamine is a product of the degradation of 1-(1′,4′-cyclohexadienyl)-2-methylaminopropane and N-formylmethylamphetamine.These findings have implications for the forensic assessment of buried residues recovered from clandestine laboratory sites because markers used to infer the synthetic methods used might be absent as a result of degradation and because methylamphetamine might be present in residues as a result of degradation rather than as a direct result of its manufacture in the laboratory.

Sex estimation in a modern American osteological sample using a discriminant function analysis from the calcaneus - Corrected Proof

Daniel L. DiMichele, M. Katherine Spradley — 2012-04-18

Abstract: Reliable methods for sex estimation during the development of a biological profile are important to the forensic community in instances when the common skeletal elements used to assess sex are absent or damaged. Sex estimation from the calcaneus has potentially significant importance for the forensic community. Specifically, measurements of the calcaneus provide an additional reliable method for sex estimation via discriminant function analysis based on a North American forensic population. Research on a modern American sample was chosen in order to develop up-to-date population specific discriminant functions for sex estimation. The current study addresses this matter, building upon previous research and introduces a new measurement, posterior circumference that promises to advance the accuracy of use of this single, highly resistant bone in future instances of sex determination from partial skeletal remains. Data were collected from The William Bass Skeletal Collection, housed at The University of Tennessee. Sample size includes 320 adult individuals born between the years 1900 and 1985. The sample was comprised of 136 females and 184 males. Skeletons used for measurements were confined to those with fused diaphyses showing no signs of pathology or damage that may have altered measurements, and that also had accompanying records that included information on ancestry, age, and sex. Measurements collected and analyzed include maximum length, load-arm length, load-arm width, and posterior circumference.The sample was used to compute a discriminant function, based on all four variables, and was performed in SAS 9.1.3. The discriminant function obtained an overall cross-validated classification rate of 86.69%. Females were classified correctly in 88.64% of the cases and males were correctly classified in 84.75% of the cases. Due to the increasing heterogeneity of current populations further discussion on this topic will include the importance that the re-evaluation of past studies has on modern forensic populations. Due to secular and micro evolutionary changes among populations, the near future must include additional methods being updated, and new methods being examined, both which should cover a wide population spectrum.

Quantitative analysis of pulmonary pathophysiology using postmortem computed tomography with regard to the cause of death - Corrected Proof

Tomomi Michiue, Terumi Sakurai, Takaki Ishikawa, Shigeki Oritani, Hitoshi Maeda — 2012-04-16

Abstract: Radiological lung transparency depends on the air contents involved in respiratory function. The present study quantitatively investigated postmortem lung air distribution in forensic autopsy cases (n=135) using computed tomography (CT) to analyze cardiopulmonary pathophysiology in the death process, involving emphysema, congestion and edema. Combined analyses of the CT morphology and attenuation value (Hounsfield unit, HU) of the bilateral lungs, with reference to histopathology, could categorize CT findings (10–90 percentile mode/mean HU values) with regard to the causes of death as follows: (I) hyperaeration (mode/mean HU below −760/−560: emphysema) for obstructive pulmonary disease, starvation and hypothermia (cold exposure); (II) mostly normal aeration with partial ground glass opacification (mode/mean HU, −850 to −360/−700 to −380: partial congestion and edema), consisting of subtype II-a with peri-bronchial/-vascular opacity for mechanical asphyxia, drowning and fire fatality, and subtype II-b with decreased vascularity for gunshot head injury, cerebrovascular disease and hemopericardium; (III) hypoaeration to airless with predominant hypostatic ground glass opacification (mode/mean HU, −870 to 0/−720 to −200: mottled hypostatic congestion and edema) for blunt head/neck injury, intoxication, hyperthermia (heat stroke) and congestive heart failure; (IV) hypoaeration to airless with predominant hypostatic consolidation (mode/mean HU, −790 to 0/−520 to −70: intense hypostatic congestion with edema) for acute ischemic heart disease; and (V) airless to consolidated (mode/mean HU over −420/−370: segmental or multiple patchy consolidations with edema) for pneumonia. Mode HU represents the major alveolar status, while the mean HU reflects the whole lung air contents. CT data analysis is useful for quantitative evaluation of pulmonary pathology as a supplementary procedure.

Identification and age estimation of blood stains on colored backgrounds by near infrared spectroscopy - Corrected Proof

Gerda Edelman, Vicky Manti, Saskia M. van Ruth, Ton van Leeuwen, Maurice Aalders — 2012-04-16

Abstract: Non-destructive identification and subsequent age estimation of blood stains are significant steps in forensic casework. The latter can provide important information on the temporal aspects of a crime. As previously shown, visible spectroscopy of blood stains on white backgrounds can successfully be used for their identification and age estimation. The use of this technique however, is hampered by dark backgrounds. In the present study the feasibility to use near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was evaluated for blood stain identification and age estimation on dark backgrounds. Using NIR reflectance spectroscopy, blood stains were distinguished from other substances with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In addition, Partial Least Squares Regression analysis was applied to estimate the age of blood stains on colored backgrounds. The age of blood stains up to 1 month old was estimated successfully with a root mean squared error of prediction of 8.9%. These findings are an important step toward the practical implementation of blood stain identification and age estimation in forensic casework, where a large variety of backgrounds can be encountered.

Yield and turnover of illicit indoor cannabis (Cannabis spp.) plantations in Belgium - Corrected Proof

Wouter Vanhove, Tim Surmont, Patrick Van Damme, Brice De Ruyver — 2012-04-16

Abstract: In prosecution, Belgian judiciary currently uses outdated yield figures (28.1g per plant, sold at € 3/g at grower level) for fining illicit indoor cannabis plantations. Using state-of-the-art cultivation techniques, our growth experiments showed that yield is better expressed in g/m2 cultivated surface area rather than in g per plant, and that yield varies significantly between different cannabis strains. It was found that the lower-bound of the one-sided 95% confidence interval of the yield of an indoor cannabis plantation can be set at 575g/m2. Prices and pricing mechanisms were investigated using interviews with respondents selected through snowball sampling. Results reveal that (i) the Belgian cannabis market chain is highly complex; (ii) unit prices are predominantly determined by transaction sizes; but also (iii) a set of product- and socially-related price-fixing mechanisms have an equally important role. At grower level, respondents reported prices for 1g of dry cannabis buds to range € 3.00–4.25.

A concept study on identification and attribution profiling of chemical threat agents using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry applied to Amanita toxins in food - Corrected Proof

Daniel Jansson, Sten-Åke Fredriksson, Anders Herrmann, Calle Nilsson — 2012-04-16

Abstract: Accidental or deliberate poisoning of food is of great national and international concern. Detecting and identifying potentially toxic agents in food is challenging due to their large chemical diversity and the complexity range of food matrices. A methodology is presented whereby toxic agents are identified and further characterized using a two-step approach. First, generic screening is performed by LC/MS/MS to detect toxins based on a list of selected potential chemical threat agents (CTAs). After identifying the CTAs, a second LC/MS analysis is performed applying accurate mass determination and the generation of an attribution profile. To demonstrate the potential of the methodology, toxins from the mushrooms Amanita phalloides and Amanita virosa were analyzed. These mushrooms are known to produce cyclic peptide toxins, which can be grouped into amatoxins, phallotoxins and virotoxins, where α-amanitin and β-amanitin are regarded as the most potent. To represent a typical complex food sample, mushroom stews containing either A. phalloides or A. virosa were prepared. By combining the screening method with accurate mass analysis, the attribution profile for the identified toxins and related components in each stew was established and used to identify the mushroom species in question. In addition, the analytical data was consistent with the fact that the A. virosa specimens used in this study were of European origin. This adds an important piece of information that enables geographic attribution and strengthens the attribution profile.

Characterisation of gunshot residue from three ammunition types using suppressed anion exchange chromatography - Corrected Proof

Elizabeth Gilchrist, Fleur Jongekrijg, Laura Harvey, Norman Smith, Leon Barron — 2012-04-16

Abstract: Gunshot residue (GSR) is commonly analysed in forensic casework using either scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Relatively little work has been reported on the post-discharge GSR content of non-metallic inorganic or low molecular weight organic anions to distinguish between different ammunition types. The development of an analytical method using suppressed micro-bore anion exchange chromatography (IC) is presented for the analysis of GSR. A hydroxide gradient was optimised for the separation of 19 forensically relevant organic and inorganic anions in <23min and sensitivities of the order of 0.12–3.52ng of anion detected for all species were achieved. Along with an optimised extraction procedure, this method was applied to the analysis of post-ignition residues from three selected ammunition types. By profiling and comparing the anionic content in each ammunition residue, the possibility to distinguish between each type using their anionic profiles and absolute weight is presented. The potential for interference is also discussed with respect to sample types which are typically problematic in the analysis of GSR using SEM-EDX and GC–MS. To the best of our knowledge this represents the first study on the analysis of inorganic anions in GSR using suppressed ion chromatography.

Dating human skeletal remains using a radiometric method: Biogenic versus diagenetic 90Sr and 210Pb in vertebrae - Corrected Proof

Bettina Schrag, Tanya Uldin, Patrice Mangin, Pascal Froidevaux — 2012-04-13

Abstract: In forensic science, there is a strong interest in determining the post-mortem interval (PMI) of human skeletal remains up to 50 years after death. Currently, there are no reliable methods to resolve PMI, the determination of which relies almost exclusively on the experience of the investigating expert. Here we measured 90Sr and 210Pb (210Po) incorporated into bones through a biogenic process as indicators of the time elapsed since death. We hypothesised that the activity of radionuclides incorporated into trabecular bone will more accurately match the activity in the environment and the food chain at the time of death than the activity in cortical bone because of a higher remodelling rate. We found that determining 90Sr can yield reliable PMI estimates as long as a calibration curve exists for 90Sr covering the studied area and the last 50 years. We also found that adding the activity of 210Po, a proxy for naturally occurring 210Pb incorporated through ingestion, to the 90Sr dating increases the reliability of the PMI value. Our results also show that trabecular bone is subject to both 90Sr and 210Po diagenesis. Accordingly, we used a solubility profile method to determine the biogenic radionuclide only, and we are proposing a new method of bone decontamination to be used prior to 90Sr and 210Pb dating.

Rapid analysis of caffeine in “smart drugs” and “energy drinks” by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) - Corrected Proof

2012-04-13

Abstract: A novel method based on microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) with diode array detection (DAD) for rapid determination of caffeine in commercial and clandestine stimulants, known as “energy drinks” and “smart drugs”, is described. Separations were carried out in 50cm×50μm (ID) uncoated fused silica capillaries. The optimized buffer electrolyte was composed of 8.85mM sodium tetraborate pH 9.5, SDS 3.3% (w/v), n-hexane 1.5% (v/v) and 1-butanol 6.6% (v/v). Separations were performed at a voltage of 20kV. Sample injection conditions were 0.5psi, 3s. Diprofilline was used as internal standard. The determination of the analytes was based on the UV signal recorded at 275nm, corresponding to the maximum wavelength of absorbance of caffeine, whereas peak identification and purity check was performed on the basis of the acquisition of UV radiation between 200 and 400nm wavelengths. Under the described conditions, the separation of the compounds was achieved in 6min without any interference from the matrix. Linearity was assessed within a caffeine concentration range from 5 to 100μg/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precision values were below 0.37% for migration times and below 9.86% for peak areas. The present MEEKC method was successfully applied to the direct determination of caffeine in smart drugs and energy drinks.

Selective culturing and genus-specific PCR detection for identification of Aeromonas in tissue samples to assist the medico-legal diagnosis of death by drowning - Corrected Proof

Geert Huys, Vera Coopman, Dirk Van Varenbergh, Jan Cordonnier — 2012-04-13

Abstract: The detection of autochthonous aquatic bacteria in tissue samples from drowning cases is increasingly considered as an alternative approach to assist the medico-legal diagnosis of death by drowning. Bacteria belonging to the genus Aeromonas may be suitable candidates for this application as they are ubiquitous in natural aquatic environments but are generally not part of the human microbiota. The research aims of this study were (i) to develop a sensitive, specific and rapid screening and confirmation method for Aeromonas species in tissue samples and (ii) to evaluate aseptic sternal puncture as a post-mortem sample technique and bone marrow as an alternative matrix to provide evidence of death by drowning. The presence of Aeromonas in tissue samples was verified by cultivation using the selective media Ampicillin Dextrin Agar (ADA) and Ryan's Aeromonas Medium. The use of ADA medium was found most optimal for the sensitive, inexpensive and quick detection of aeromonads in human tissue samples. Positive culture plates were confirmed by harvesting all colonies for DNA extraction and subsequent PCR amplification using Aeromonas genus-specific primers. Aeromonads were detected in lung swab, blood and bone marrow of drowned bodies (n=3), but were negative in these three matrices for all negative controls (n=90) tested. Bone marrow proved to be a suitable alternative matrix and can be sampled post-mortem by an aseptic sternal puncture. In conclusion, this study confirms previous indications that aeromonads in cultures from blood of water bodies can be considered a potential marker for drowning. Given the fact that the number of immersed bodies (drowned and non-drowned) included in this study is statistically not significant, however, more tissue samples need to be investigated to confirm the validity of these methods to aid the diagnosis of death by wet drowning.

Simultaneous determination of creatinine and uric acid in urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with polarity switching electrospray ionization - Corrected Proof

Woonyong Kwon, Jin Young Kim, SungIll Suh, Moon Kyo In — 2012-04-13

Abstract: A simple liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine creatinine (Cr) and uric acid (UA) levels as a confirmatory method for adulteration or dilution of urine. Centrifuged urine samples (10μL) were diluted with 390μL of distilled water. 30μL of internal standard solution (Cr-d3, 5μg/mL) and 10μL of acetonitrile were added to 20μL aliquots of diluted urine samples and filtered. The samples (1μL) were introduced into LC–MS/MS with no further pretreatment. Cr and UA were separated on a multi-mode ODS column (Scherzo SM-C18, 75mm×2.0mm I.D., 3μm) and quantified by LC–MS/MS with polarity-switching electrospray ionization. Cr requires the positive-ion mode, whereas the negative-ion mode is required for the analysis of UA. The linear ranges were 1.0–300mg/dL for Cr and 0.5–300mg/dL for UA, with good determination coefficients (R2≥0.9988). The intra-day and inter-day precision of the analytes was within 13.0% and 14.4%, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy was −8.8 to 3.7% and −0.3 to 6.6%, respectively. The lower limits of detection (LLODs) were 0.3mg/dL for Cr and 0.07mg/dL for UA. The applicability of the developed method was examined by analyzing urine samples from suspected drug abusers (n=46).

Virtual forensic entomology: Improving estimates of minimum post-mortem interval with 3D micro-computed tomography - Corrected Proof

2012-04-12

Abstract: We demonstrate how micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) can be a powerful tool for describing internal and external morphological changes in Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during metamorphosis. Pupae were sampled during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quarter of development after the onset of pupariation at 23°C, and placed directly into 80% ethanol for preservation. In order to find the optimal contrast, four batches of pupae were treated differently: batch one was stained in 0.5M aqueous iodine for 1 day; two for 7 days; three was tagged with a radiopaque dye; four was left unstained (control). Pupae stained for 7d in iodine resulted in the best contrast micro-CT scans. The scans were of sufficiently high spatial resolution (17.2μm) to visualise the internal morphology of developing pharate adults at all four ages. A combination of external and internal morphological characters was shown to have the potential to estimate the age of blowfly pupae with a higher degree of accuracy and precision than using external morphological characters alone. Age specific developmental characters are described. The technique could be used as a measure to estimate a minimum post-mortem interval in cases of suspicious death where pupae are the oldest stages of insect evidence collected.

Prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in injured drivers: Comparison between Belgium and the Netherlands - Corrected Proof

Sara-Ann Legrand, Sjoerd Houwing, Marjan Hagenzieker, Alain G. Verstraete — 2012-04-09

Abstract: Study objective: To compare the prevalence of alcohol and (il)licit drugs in seriously injured drivers in Belgium (BE) and the Netherlands (NL).Methods: Injured car and van drivers admitted to the emergency departments of five hospitals in Belgium and three in the Netherlands from January 2008 to May 2010 were included. Blood samples were taken and analysed for ethanol (with an enzymatic method) and 22 other psychoactive substances (UPLC–MS/MS or GC–MS).Results: In total 535 injured drivers were included in the study (BE: 348; NL: 187). More drivers were found positive for alcohol and drugs in Belgium (52.6%) than in the Netherlands (33.9%). Alcohol (≥0.1g/L) was the most prevalent substance in both countries (BE: 42.5%; NL: 29.6%). A similar prevalence was found for amphetamine (BE: 2.6%; NL: 2.2%) and cocaine (BE: 2.3%; NL: 2.1%). In the Netherlands almost no positive findings for cannabis were recorded (0.5%). No driver tested positive for benzodiazepines in the Netherlands compared to 7.3% in Belgium. More injured drivers tested positive for Z-drugs (BE: 1.8%; NL: 0.5%) and medicinal opioids (BE: 3.3%; NL: 0.5%) in Belgium.Conclusions: The prevalence of alcohol in seriously injured drivers was 12% higher found in Belgium than in the Netherlands. The prevalence of drugs was similar in both countries except for THC and medicinal drugs, particularly benzodiazepines, with a much higher prevalence in Belgium. In comparison to previous survey there were differences in the prevalence of THC, benzodiazepines and combinations of drugs. Possible explanations are the different matrix used, a bias in study population, or in case of illicit opiates and benzodiazepines a different consumption pattern in the two countries. Alcohol is still the most prevalent substance among the injured driver population and this increased the last 15 years.

Response to “3D bloodstain pattern analysis: Ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains” by Buck et al. [Forensic Sci. Int. 206 (2011) 22–28] - Corrected Proof

Ursula Buck, Beat Kneubuehl — 2012-04-06

The authors of the commentary to the article “3D bloodstain pattern analysis: ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains”, FSI 206 (2011), 22–28 mention several points, which they find faulty or wrong.

Background and current status of postmortem imaging in Japan: Short history of “Autopsy imaging (Ai)” - Corrected Proof

Takahisa Okuda, Seiji Shiotani, Namiko Sakamoto, Tomoya Kobayashi — 2012-04-06

Abstract: There is a low autopsy rate and wide distribution of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners in Japan. Therefore, many Japanese hospitals, including 36% of the hospitals with in-patient facilities and 89% of large hospitals with ER facilities conduct postmortem imaging (PMI), use clinical scanners to screen for causes in unusual deaths as an alternative to an autopsy or to determine whether an autopsy is needed. The Japanese PMI examination procedure is generally referred to as “autopsy imaging” (Ai) and the term “Ai” is now commonly used by the Japanese government. Currently, 26 of 47 Japanese prefectures have at least one Ai Center with scanners that are dedicated for PMI. Here, we briefly review the history of Japanese PMI (Ai) from 1985 to the present.

Profiling of illicit fentanyl using UHPLC–MS/MS - Corrected Proof

Ira S. Lurie, Arthur L. Berrier, John F. Casale, Reiko Iio, Joseph S. Bozenko — 2012-04-03

Abstract: Methodology is presented for the profiling of fentanyl in seized drugs using ultra high performance liquid chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Target analysis was performed for 40 fentanyl processing impurities, several of which are markers for a specific synthetic route (Siegfried or Janssen). For the separation of these solutes, an Acquity BEH C18 1.7μm particle column (150mm×2.1mm) with a binary 1% formic acid (pH 2.0)/acetonitrile gradient was used. For MS/MS detection, an atmospheric pressure positive electrospray source was employed with selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The coupling of the high separation power of UHPLC with the highly selective and sensitive detection of MS/MS is amenable to the determination of synthetic route and linking of drug seizures. The technology is also applicable to exhibits containing trace levels of fentanyl in the presence of significantly excess amounts of heroin and/or adulterants.

Ignitable liquid identification using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data by projected difference resolution mapping and fuzzy rule-building expert system classification - Corrected Proof

2012-04-03

Abstract: The gasoline and kerosene collected from different locations in the United States were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) followed by chemometric analysis. Classifications based on two-way profiles and target component ratios were compared. The projected difference resolution (PDR) mapping was applied to measure the differences among the ignitable liquid (IL) samples by their GC/MS profiles quantitatively. Fuzzy rule-building expert systems (FuRESs) were applied to classify individual ILs. The FuRES models yielded correct classification rates greater than 90% for discriminating between samples. PDR mapping, a new method for characterizing complex data sets was consistent with the FuRES classification result.

Occurrences of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) on human cadavers in Switzerland, and their importance as forensic indicators - Corrected Proof

Daniel Cherix, Claude Wyss, Thomas Pape — 2012-04-02

Abstract: From 1993 to 2008, criminal investigations were conducted in the western part of Switzerland with special attention to blowfly and flesh fly species in order to estimate the post-mortem interval when requested by the police authorities. Flesh flies were found in only 33 cases out of 160. Five species of the genus Sarcophaga were identified (S. africa, S. argyrostoma, S. caerulescens, S. similis and S. sp.). The main species found on corpses (larval stage) was S. argyrostoma. The thermal constant (K) calculated for this species in Switzerland is 380.6±16.3 (mean±S.D.) degree-days. With the exception of S. caerulescens, found three times in the larval stage on corpses, the three other species are of minor forensic importance. S. argyrostoma is found during summer and indoors. This species colonises dead bodies, usually the same day as blowfly species, and it could be used to estimate the post-mortem interval. Other species are discussed in the light of current knowledge on their biology and ecology. It is recommended that voucher material be deposited in a museum, allowing further studies by relevant specialists, thereby helping investigators and avoiding misidentifications.

Aconitum alkaloid content and the high toxicity of aconite tincture - Corrected Proof

Thomas Y.K. Chan — 2012-04-02

Abstract: Although proprietary medicines and decoction of processed aconite roots are the most widely used, tincture accounts for the great majority of aconite poisoning cases in China, indicating that it is much more toxic than other formulations. Aconite tincture is often self-prepared at home and raw aconite plants or roots are often used. Even if processed aconite roots were used to make the tincture, the amount of Aconitum alkaloids is highly variable, depending on the adequacy of processing and quality control. Aconitum alkaloids dissolve efficiently in alcohol. For these reasons, tincture contains very high concentrations of Aconitum alkaloids. Despite its high intrinsic toxicity, overdose of aconite tincture by the users has been common. Severe aconite poisoning can be complicated by fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias and asystole. The public should be repeatedly warned of the danger of taking aconite tincture by mouth.

Commentary on “3D bloodstain pattern analysis: Ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains” by Buck et al. [Forensic Sci. Int. 206 (2011) 22–28] - Corrected Proof

2012-04-02

This commentary is in response to an article recently published in this journal by Ursula Buck, Beat Kneubuehl, Silvio Nather, Nicola Albertini, Lars Schmidt, Michael Thali regarding 3D bloodstain pattern interpretation . There are a number of points that we felt were necessary to discuss:

A preliminary study of incisor exfoliation as an estimator of the postmortem interval using accumulated degree days - Corrected Proof

Michelle A. Granrud, Gretchen R. Dabbs — 2012-03-29

Abstract: This research shows the exfoliation of the anterior dentition has significant potential to aid in establishing the minimum length of the post-mortem interval. Accumulated degree days (ADD) were used to quantify the decomposition of the periodontal ligament, represented by post-mortem exfoliation of the incisors. After subjects were removed subsequent to disturbance by scavengers and time limitations on the study, the final sample size was 36 incisors from the maxillae and mandibles of seven pigs (Sus scrofa). Average daily temperature was calculated using hourly temperature data recorded using DS1921G thermochrons for the duration of the project (June 14–December 17, 2008). During this period, six teeth (16.7%) were exfoliated. ADD for these six teeth ranged from 1539.7°C to 2006.7°C. The average ADD required for exfoliation was 1788.0°C (SD=198.1°C). No differences in ADD required for exfoliation were observed between the maxillary and mandibular teeth (t=2.085; p=0.128).