Forensic Science International - Articles in Press

Methadone disposition in oral fluid during pharmacotherapy for opioid-dependence - Corrected Proof

Teresa R. Gray, Riet Dams, Robin E. Choo, Hendree E. Jones, Marilyn A. Huestis — 2010-07-28

Abstract: Introduction: Oral fluid testing is widely used for detecting drug exposure, but data describing methadone and metabolites in oral fluid during pharmacotherapy for opioid-dependence are relatively limited.Methods: 414 oral fluid specimens from 16 opioid-dependent pregnant women receiving daily methadone were analyzed for methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and methadol by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results: All oral fluid specimens contained methadone greater than 1ng/mL; 88% were positive for EDDP and 12% for methadol. Over 95% of oral fluid specimens exceeded the 20ng/mL methadone cutoff set by the European Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines (DRUID) study. Methadone and EDDP oral fluid concentrations were highly variable within and between participants, did not predict methadone dose, but were negatively correlated with pH.Conclusion: Methadone was readily identified in oral fluid at concentrations greater than 20ng/mL following daily 30–110mg/day methadone pharmacotherapy. As no specimens contained only EDDP or methadol, there was no advantage to including these analytes for identification of methadone exposure. As nearly all oral fluid specimens from methadone-maintained patients exceeded the DRUID guideline, the 20ng/mL cutoff appears to be sensitive enough to detect daily methadone exposure; however, additional indicators of behavioral and/or motor impairment would be necessary to provide evidence of driving impairment.

Psychosocial support for forensic practitioners in a major DVI - Corrected Proof

Maryla Juchnowski — 2010-07-28

Abstract: The introduction of the different levels of psychological debriefing to staff of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine during the 2009 Victoria bushfires, and the compulsory departmental group debriefs achieved the objectives of making staff more aware of psychological services available. It provided an opportunity to share experiences, explore self-assessment techniques in managing stress and enabled people that had an indirect role in the bushfire DVI response to feel included, looked after, and supported by the Institute. This paper is a descriptive case study of the support provided to Institute staff during the Victorian bushfires.

Unattended fatal haemorrhage due to spontaneous peripheral varicose vein rupture—Two case reports - Corrected Proof

E. Doberentz, L. Hagemeier, C. Veit, B. Madea — 2010-07-26

Abstract: Venous haemorrhage is a rare complication of varicose veins of the legs. Varicosis is found in 15–50% of the population. Haemorrhage from ruptured varicose veins of the legs can occur spontaneously or after a minor trauma. More frequent complications of varicosis include peripheral oedema of the ankles, skin pigmentation and skin ulcers. In case of venous haemorrhage simple possibilities of first aid can be applied, therefore fatal haemorrhage is a rarity. Two cases of fatal varicose vein rupture are presented. A 58-year-old man and a 76-year-old woman, both living alone, were found dead in the bathrooms of their apartments. Significant traces of blood were found in all rooms. Both corpses showed typical signs of death from exsanguination. No traumatic lesion was found. Cause of the haemorrhage was a small lesion of the skin of the lower legs of the victims with continuation to an underlying superficial varicose vein. Misinterpretation of life-threatening varicose haemorrhage, unconsciousnous, alcohol or drug influence, old age and dementia can promote the death. In case of fatal haemorrhage the death scene can simulate crime due to massive traces of blood and may focus primarily on a non-natural death. However, police investigations and autopsy will disclose the rare cause of spontaneous natural death.

Medical examiner and medical toxicologist agreement on cause of death - Corrected Proof

Alex F. Manini, Lewis S. Nelson, Dean Olsen, David Vlahov, Robert S. Hoffman — 2010-07-26

Abstract: Poisoning is a significant public health threat as the second leading cause of injury-related death in the US. Disagreements on cause of death determination may have widespread implications across several realms of public health including policy and prevention efforts, interpretation of the poisoning literature, epidemiologic data analysis, medical-legal case outcomes, and individualized autopsy interpretation. We aimed to test agreement between the cause of death determined by the medical examiner (ME) and a medical toxicologist (MT) adjudication panel (MTAP) in cases of poisoning. This retrospective 7-year study evaluated all deaths attributed to poisoning in one large urban catchment area. Cross-matched data were obtained from Department of Vital Statistics and the Poison Control Center (PCC). Out of >380,000 deaths in the catchment area over the study period, there were 7050 poisonings in the Vital Statistics database and 414 deaths reported to PCC. Cross-matching yielded 321 cases for analysis. The ME and MTAP concurred on cause of death in 66%, which was only fair agreement (κ 0.25, CI 0.14–0.38). Factors associated with the likelihood of agreement were peri-mortem fire exposures, prehospital cardiac arrest, and timing of drug toxicity (chronic versus acute). In conclusion, agreement for poisoning cause of death between specialties was much lower than expected. We recommend an improved formal process of information sharing and consultation between specialties to assure that all existing information is analyzed thoroughly to enhance cause of death certainty.

Fatal cases of acute suicidal sodium and accidental zinc fluorosilicate poisoning. Review of acute intoxications due to fluoride compounds - Corrected Proof

Teresa Lech — 2010-07-26

Abstract: Fluoride, of all inorganic substances, is among the least likely to be identified by a routine toxicological analysis. Acute poisonings with salts of hydrofluoric or fluorosilicic acid, however, although relatively uncommon, may occur. Some fluorosilicates, salts of fluorosilicic acid (e.g. Al, Zn, Pb, Mg) are used as stone consolidants, others (e.g. sodium fluorosilicate) – in the production of enamel and milk glass, or as insecticide. In this paper, two fatal cases of poisonings are presented: a suicide involving sodium fluorosilicate of a 39-year-old male who died in his flat, without hospitalization, and an accidental ingestion of zinc fluorosilicate solution (probably due to mistaking it for mineral water) by a 38-year-old male at his workplace (building), who died about 3h after ingestion of the liquid, in spite of intensive care at hospitals. Post-mortem samples were examined by the use of the spectrophotometric method with lanthanum nitrate and alizarin complexone for fluorine (after isolation of fluoride compounds by the microdiffusion method) and using a flame atomic absorption spectrometry method for zinc (after mineralization of biological material by sulfuric and nitric acids). In the first case, the results were: blood – 130μgF/ml, stomach – 1150μgF/g, small intestine content – 19.6μgF/g, kidney – 56.0μgF/g, and urine – 1940μgF/ml. In the second case, the contents of fluorine and zinc in blood and internal organs were the following: blood – 6.03μgF/ml, 23.8μgZn/ml; brain – 1.39μgF/g, 7.54μgZn/g; stomach – 152μgZn/g; stomach content – 293μgF/g, 84.4μgZn/g; small intestine – 37.5μgZn/g; small intestine content – 63.4μgF/g, 19.6μgZn/g; liver – 9.49μgF/g, 81.0μgZn/g; kidney – 29.6μgF/g, 39.2μgZn/g; and exceeded the normal levels of these elements in biological material many times. In addition, in stomach and liver large amounts of silica were detected. In the paper, a review of acute intoxications with various fluoride compounds (17 cases) is also presented.

Urine tested positive for ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate after the consumption of yeast and sugar - Corrected Proof

2010-07-26

Abstract: Background: To an increasing degree, EtG and EtS are routinely used for the proof of abstinence for purposes of traffic, occupational, addiction and social medicine. This routine use demands further investigations on the sensitivity and specificity of these analytes and the examination of possible genesis of positive EtG and EtS concentrations even without the consumption of ethanol. In vivo fermentation with consecutive formation of EtG and EtS was addressed by experiments with yeast products.Methods: Two experiments with baker's yeast and brewer's yeast tablets were performed. The ethanol concentrations in urine of the 2 and 4 volunteers, respectively, were detected by HS-GC-FID, EtG and EtS analysis was performed by LC–ESI-MS/MS, and the creatinine concentration was determined using a method based on the Jaffé reaction.Results and conclusions: After the consumption of baker's yeast the maximum concentrations of EtG and EtS normalised to creatinine were found to be 0.67 and 1.41mg/L, respectively, and therefore clearly above the commonly applied cut-off value for the proof of abstinence of 0.1mg/L. In contrast, in this study the, uptake of yeast tablets did not result in a detection of EtG and EtS in urine.

Non-invasive in situ identification and band assignments of diazepam, flunitrazepam and methadone hydrochloride with FT-near-infrared spectroscopy - Corrected Proof

Hassan Refat H. Ali — 2010-07-26

Abstract: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has evolved into an important rapid, direct and non-invasive technique in drugs analysis. In this study, the suitability of NIR spectroscopy to identify two benzodiazepine derivatives, diazepam and flunitrazepam, and a synthetic opiate, methadone hydrochloride, inside USP vials and probe the solid-state form of diazepam presents in tablets has been explored. The results show the potential of NIR spectroscopy for rapid, in situ and non-destructive identification of drugs.

Forensic medical lessons learned from the Victorian Bushfire Disaster: Recommendations from the Phase 5 debrief - Corrected Proof

Richard Bassed, Jodie Leditschke — 2010-07-23

Abstract: The February 7th 2009 bushfires in Victoria, Australia, resulted in the deaths of 173 individuals, of whom 164 were included in the subsequent DVI operation. The final stage of the International DVI protocol is a debrief, referred to as Phase 5. The Phase 5 operational debrief process conducted in the wake of this disaster was designed for the purpose of developing new strategies in light of this experience. The agencies involved included the Coroners Court of Victoria, the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, the Department of Justice, and Victoria Police. During the course of this debriefing process strategies and protocols were developed which aim to improve the capacity of all agencies to respond and resolve future incidents. This paper outlines the Phase 5 debrief carried out in the 6 months following the final coronial identification board, and details the findings and recommendations made by the agencies involved.

Lateral saccular laryngeal cyst and unexpected asphyxial death - Corrected Proof

Enrico Silingardi, Naike Sola, Anna Laura Santunione, Nicoletta Trani — 2010-07-22

Abstract: We present the case of a 41-year-old man with a herniated saccular laryngeal cyst in the left cervical region who died unexpectedly at home from acute asphyxia. A few days before death the patient complained an obvious palpable swelling on the left side of the neck. The autopsy showed an oval-shaped mass originating on the wall of the larynx and herniating into the extralaryngeal region. The critical reduction of the laryngeal lumen originated from an intense oedema of the laryngeal mucosa above the cyst, concurrent with an inflammatory process of the cystic wall, with probable associated glottis laryngospasm mediated by the superior laryngeal nerve. The rapid evolution of oedema was favoured by the extreme relaxation of the connective tissue of the laryngeal mucosa in the supraglottic and aryepiglottic regions which explains the sudden death. The case is useful for delineating the problems related to the possible evolution of laryngeal cysts, the mechanisms of asphyxial complications, the pathological diagnosis and the medico-forensic aspects.

Effects of repeated hair washing and a single hair dyeing on concentrations of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human hairs - Corrected Proof

SeungKyung Baeck, EunYoung Han, HeeSun Chung, MyoungYun Pyo — 2010-07-22

Abstract: The effects of repeated hair washing and a single hair dyeing on concentrations of methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AM) in hair samples of MA addicts were studied. Thirty-one MA positive hair samples collected from male (n=24, 24–51 yrs) and female abusers (n=7, 17–46 yrs) were evaluated for MA and AM concentration's changes after repeated hair washing and a single hair dyeing. Thirty-one MA positive hair samples, no additional treatment hair sample group (NAT), were treated in vitro with liquid soap or three kinds of hair dyes which were black, brown and yellow color hair dye, respectively. Quantitation of AM and MA in hair samples was utilized GC–MS using selected ion monitoring. MA and AM concentrations in NAT were 10.41±8.91ng/mg (range 1.50–30.0ng/mg) and 2.24±2.75ng/mg (range 0.41–12.90ng/mg). And, their concentrations were decreased about 23.3±4.5% (range 16.7–32.8%) in hair repeated washing group (WAS) and 32.6±4.82 (22.2–41.9) in three kinds of a single hair dyeing groups in comparison to original concentrations of MA and AM in NAT. A statistically significant difference was found between NAT and WAS or three hair dyeing groups (p<0.01), but not between WAS and three hair dyeing groups, and not between each hair dyeing groups with each three kinds of hair dyes (p>0.05).

“Legal highs” on the net—Evaluation of UK-based Websites, products and product information - Corrected Proof

Martin M. Schmidt, Akhilesh Sharma, Fabrizio Schifano, Charlotte Feinmann — 2010-07-22

Abstract: Background: A vast array of substances are marketed as “legal highs” in the UK. These products are mainly marketed online and are packaged and produced to mimic illicit drugs. Little is known about the full range of products available at present and no studies have evaluated the product information provided to consumers.Aims & Hypothesis: To describe the available legal high products marketed by UK-based Internet retailers and evaluate the product information provided to consumers.Methods: Websites were identified using the terms “buy legal highs+UK” and two search engines. The first 100 hits and a random sample of 5% of the remaining results were screened. Websites based in the UK were included and all products were entered on a database. Information on product name, list price, claimed effects, side effects, contraindications and interactions was extracted. A descriptive analysis was conducted using SPSS v14.Results: 115 Websites met the inclusion criteria but due to duplicate listings this was reduced to 39 unique Websites. 1308 products were found and evaluated. The average product price was 9.69 British pounds. Products took the form of pills (46.6%), smoking material (29.7%) and single plant material/extract (18.1%). Most products claimed to be stimulants (41.7%), sedatives (32.3%), or hallucinogens (12.9%). 40.1% of products failed to list ingredients, 91.9% failed to list side effects, 81.9% failed to list contraindications and 86.3% failed to list drug interactions. Top 5 products (with active ingredients in brackets) by frequency were Salvia divinorum (Salivinorin A), Kratom (Mitragynine), Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Seeds (Lysergic Acid Amide), Fly Agaric (Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol) and Genie (JWH018, CP47497).Conclusions: Products marketed as “legal highs” are easily available from UK-based Internet retailers and are reasonably affordable. Safety information provided to consumers is poor. Uninformed users risk serious adverse effects.

Postmortem analysis of synovial fluid and vitreous humour for determination of death interval: A comparative study - Corrected Proof

Nilesh Keshav Tumram, Rajesh Vaijnathrao Bardale, Anand Paikuji Dongre — 2010-07-21

Abstract: This study has been extended to compare directly the accuracy of determining death interval from biochemical parameter of synovial fluid and vitreous humour. In 154 medicolegal cases with known time of death both fluids were taken and analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, creatinine, glucose, and urea. Both fluids showed comparable values. The study indicates that level of potassium and glucose levels in synovial fluid for determining death interval are atleast as accurate as if not more accurate than potassium and glucose levels in vitreous humour. Nevertheless determination of level of potassium in synovial fluid and vitreous humour can afford the most accurate method of determining death interval.

Effect of presumptive tests reagents on human blood confirmatory tests and DNA analysis using real time polymerase chain reaction - Corrected Proof

Juliana Piva de Almeida, Nadine Glesse, Cristina Bonorino — 2010-07-21

Abstract: Bloodstains often constitute the major physical evidence in crime investigation. Diluted blood invisible to the naked eye can be detected through presumptive tests however such tests can damage samples and prevent further processing such as DNA analysis. In this study, we compared the effects of luminol (prepared according to Weber ), Luminol 16®, Bluestar® and benzidine for inhibition in the human antiglobulin test and the human hemoglobin immunochromatographic test and on the total human DNA concentration up to 120 days after sample treatment. Treatment with both luminol solutions and Bluestar® still allowed positive results for the immunologic tests, indicating non-interference with human blood confirmatory tests. However, samples treated with benzidine could not be further analyzed by serological tests. Also, DNA quantification showed that 48h after benzidine treatment, but not luminol or Bluestar solution application, sample DNA was degraded. Luminol 16® caused DNA degradation already at 30 days post-application. At 120 days post treatment, all samples treated with any of the agents but not untreated samples had DNA degradation.

Development and validation of AccuTOF-DART™ as a screening method for analysis of bank security device and pepper spray components - Corrected Proof

Allison M. Pfaff, Robert R. Steiner — 2010-07-21

Abstract: Analysis of bank security devices, containing 1-methylaminoanthraquinone (MAAQ) and o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), and pepper sprays, containing capsaicin, is a lengthy process with no specific screening technique to aid in identifying samples of interest. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART™) ionization coupled with an Accurate Time of Flight (AccuTOF) mass detector is a fast, ambient ionization source that could significantly reduce time spent on these cases and increase the specificity of the screening process. A new method for screening clothing for bank dye and pepper spray, using AccuTOF-DART™ analysis, has been developed. Detection of MAAQ, CS, and capsaicin was achieved via extraction of each compound onto cardstock paper, which was then sampled in the AccuTOF-DART™. All results were verified using gas chromatography coupled with electron impact mass spectrometry.

A comparative study of two methods of dental pulp extraction for genetic fingerprinting - Corrected Proof

2010-07-21

Abstract: Extracting dental DNA for identification purposes is usually performed after crushing the tooth. The main disadvantage of this method is that the tooth is completely destroyed so further radiographic, anatomical or biochemical studies are no longer possible. We compared the quantities of DNA obtained by crushing the tooth and by removing pulp by standard endodontic access with trepanation of the occlusal surface and amplified DNA micro-satellites. In the series of crushed teeth, insufficient material for amplification was obtained in 78% of cases and a complete profile was obtained in only 9% of cases. Conversely, for the teeth prepared by trepanation, the profile was complete in 75% of cases and the DNA quantity was insufficient in only 3% of cases. Trepanation thus produced superior results in terms of quantity of DNA and the quality of the genetic profiles. Furthermore, it was a conservative procedure that allowed further analyses on the tooth.

Forensic mycology: the use of fungi in criminal investigations - Corrected Proof

David L. Hawksworth, Patricia E.J. Wiltshire — 2010-07-15

Abstract: This is the first overview to be published of the whole field of forensic mycology. It is based on all available information located in the literature, together with 13 examples from recent casework. Background information on fungi is given, and this is followed by an outline of the value, and potentially wide application, of mycology in criminal investigation. Applications include roles in: providing trace evidence; estimating time since death (post-mortem interval); ascertaining time of deposition; investigating cause of death, hallucinations, or poisonings; locating buried corpses; and biological warfare. Previous work has been critically evaluated, with particular attention to its evidential value, and suitability for presentation in a court of law. The situations where mycology might assist an investigation are summarised, and issues relating to the further development of the subject are presented. A comprehensive bibliography with 120 citations is provided.

Drug poisoning deaths in Sweden show a predominance of ethanol in mono-intoxications, adverse drug–alcohol interactions and poly-drug use - Corrected Proof

A.W. Jones, F.C. Kugelberg, A. Holmgren, J. Ahlner — 2010-07-15

Abstract: Over a 10-year period (1998–2007) all deaths in Sweden classified by forensic pathologists as fatal drug poisonings (N=6894) were retrieved from a toxicology database (TOXBASE) belonging to the National Board of Forensic Medicine. The deaths were further classified as suicides N=2288 (33%), undetermined N=2260 (33%) and accidental N=2346 (34%). The average age (±SD) of all victims was 49.1±15.9 years and men 47.4±15.6 years were 5-year younger than women 52.2±15.8 years (p<0.01). Most of the deceased (78%) were poly-drug users although a single drug (mono-intoxications) was found in 22% of all poisoning deaths (p<0.001). The number of drugs in blood samples varied from 1 to 12 with a median of 3–4 per case. Mono-intoxication deaths were mostly ethanol-related (N=976) and the mean and median blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) was 3.06g/L and 3.10g/L, respectively. The BAC decreased as the number of additional drugs in blood increased from 2.15g/L with one drug to 1.25g/L with 6 or more drugs. The mean (median) concentrations of non-alcohol drugs in mono-intoxication deaths were morphine (N=93) 0.5mg/L (0.2mg/L), amphetamine (N=39) 2.0mg/L (1.2mg/L), dextropropoxyphene (N=33) 3.9mg/L (2.9mg/L), dihydro-propiomazine (N=32) 1.6mg/L (1.0mg/L) and 7-amino-flunitrazepam (N=28), 0.4mg/L (0.3mg/L). Elevated blood morphine in these poisoning deaths mostly reflected abuse of heroin as verified by finding 6-monoacetyl morphine (6-MAM) in the blood samples. When investigating drug poisoning deaths a comprehensive toxicological analysis is essential although the results do not reveal the extent of prior exposure to drugs or the development of pharmacological tolerance. The concentrations of drugs determined in post-mortem blood are one element in the case. The autopsy report, the police investigation, the findings at the scene and eye-witness statements should all be carefully considered when the cause and manner of death are determined.

Assessing the potential for racial bias in hair analysis for cocaine: Examining the relative risk of positive outcomes when comparing urine samples to hair samples - Corrected Proof

Tom Mieczkowski — 2010-07-12

Abstract: This article examines the conjecture that hair analysis, performed to detect cocaine use or exposure, is biased against African Americans. It does so by comparing the outcomes of 33,928 hair and 105,792 urine samples collected from both African American and white subjects. In making this comparison the analysis seeks to determine if there is a departure in rates of positive and negative outcomes when comparing the results of hair analysis for cocaine to the results from urinalysis for cocaine by racial group. It treats urine as an unbiased test. It compares both the relative ratios of positive outcomes when comparing the two groups and it calculates the relative risk of outcomes for each group for having positive or negative outcomes. The findings show that the ratios of each racial group are effectively same for hair and urine assays, and they also show that the relative risk and risk estimates for positive and negative outcomes are the same for both racial groups. Considering all samples, the cocaine positive risk estimate for the hair samples comparing the two racial groups is 3.28 and for urinalysis the risk estimate is 3.10 (Breslow-Day χ2 .250, 1 df, p=0.617) a non-significant difference in risk. For pre-employment samples, the cocaine positive risk estimate for the hair samples comparing the two racial groups is 3.10 and for urinalysis the risk estimate is 2.90 (Breslow-Day χ2 .281, df=1, p=0.595), also a non-significant difference in risk.

Influence from breathing pattern on alcohol and tracer gas expirograms—Implications for alcolock use - Corrected Proof

Annika Kaisdotter Andersson, Bertil Hök, Mikael Ekström, Göran Hedenstierna — 2010-07-12

Abstract: Measurement of breath alcohol concentration is strongly influenced by timing and the breathing pattern. In particular, shallow expiration and hyperventilation leads to underestimation of the breath alcohol concentration. In the present study, expirograms of alcohol, water and carbon dioxide were recorded in 30 healthy individuals at various breathing manoeuvres (tidal volume, slow maximum and vital capacity expiration, breath holding, and hyperventilation). Estimation of the end expiratory alcohol concentration with the use of simultaneously measured carbon dioxide was shown to reverse the tendency of underestimation at shallow expiration and hyperventilation. These findings indicate that breath alcohol estimations can be performed at shorter expiration time and reduced expired volume compared to existing alcolocks. This is believed to improve their usability and to prevent a possible route for manipulation.

On the reliability of a geometric morphometric approach to sex determination: A blind test of six criteria of the juvenile ilium - Corrected Proof

Laura A.B. Wilson, Hugo F.V. Cardoso, Louise T. Humphrey — 2010-07-09

Abstract: Despite the attention of many studies, researchers still struggle to identify criteria with which to sex juvenile remains at levels of accuracy and reproducibility comparable with those documented for adults. This study uses a sample of 82 juvenile ilia from an identified Portuguese population (Lisbon collection) to test the cross-applicability of a new approach by Wilson et al. that uses geometric morphometric methods to sex the subadult ilium. Further, we evaluate the wider applicability of these methods for forensic casework, extending the age range of the original study by examining an additional 19 juvenile ilia from the St. Brides and Spitalfields collections, housed in London. Levels of accuracy for the Portuguese sample (62.2–89.0%) indicate that the methods can be used to document dimorphism in another sample. Discriminant functions are sample-specific, indicated by not better than average classification using cross-validation. We propose a methodological update, whereby we recommend disuse of the auricular surface morphology criterion, based upon reduced success rates and inadequate accuracy of female identification. We show, in addition to population differences, differences in the ontogeny of dimorphism may lead to differing degrees of success for female identification using some criteria. The success rates are highest between the ages of 11.00 and 14.99 years (93.3% males, 80.0% females).

Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains - Corrected Proof

2010-07-07

Abstract: Human cremation is a common funeral practice all over the world and will presumably become an even more popular choice for interment in the future. Mainly for purposes of identification, there is presently a growing need to perform trace analyses such as DNA or stable isotope analyses on human remains after cremation in order to clarify pending questions in civil or criminal court cases. The aim of this study was to experimentally test the potential and limitations of DNA and stable isotope analyses when conducted on cremated remains.For this purpose, tibiae from modern cattle were experimentally cremated by incinerating the bones in increments of 100°C until a maximum of 1000°C was reached. In addition, cremated human remains were collected from a modern crematory. The samples were investigated to determine level of DNA preservation and stable isotope values (C and N in collagen, C and O in the structural carbonate, and Sr in apatite). Furthermore, we assessed the integrity of microstructural organization, appearance under UV-light, collagen content, as well as the mineral and crystalline organization. This was conducted in order to provide a general background with which to explain observed changes in the trace analyses data sets. The goal is to develop an efficacious screening method for determining at which degree of burning bone still retains its original biological signals. We found that stable isotope analysis of the tested light elements in bone is only possible up to a heat exposure of 300°C while the isotopic signal from strontium remains unaltered even in bones exposed to very high temperatures. DNA-analyses seem theoretically possible up to a heat exposure of 600°C but can not be advised in every case because of the increased risk of contamination. While the macroscopic colour and UV-fluorescence of cremated bone give hints to temperature exposure of the bone's outer surface, its histological appearance can be used as a reliable indicator for the assessment of the overall degree of burning.

Injury patterns of sharp instrument homicides in Hong Kong - Corrected Proof

K.I. Au, S.L. Beh — 2010-07-05

Abstract: This study focuses on investigating injury patterns found on deceased victims caused by sharp instruments. It investigates the number, severity, types and locations of injuries and their possible relationship against three levels of victim–offender relationships (VORs) in sharp instrument homicides. Data of one hundred and forty-one fatal victims were extracted for the 10-year period from 1996 to 2005 from the Hong Kong Homicide Monitoring Database. These cases are solved cases with known identity of the suspects. Statistical analysis was performed to test the injury numbers, injury severity, injury types and injury locations against three levels of VORs (intimate partners, acquaintance and strangers) and their possible correlation. The present research is the first study to investigate homicide in Hong Kong using autopsy findings. This study pinpoints the importance of injury patterns found on the body and their significance with the VORs. This research also pinpoints the importance of the number, types and locations of injuries on the body and their correlations with the victim–offender relationships, and suggests factors that could be useful in investigating sharp instrument homicide.

An investigation into the variability of the refractive index of glass: Part II— The effect of debris contamination - Corrected Proof

A.W.N. Newton — 2010-07-05

Abstract: The effect of debris contamination on the measurement of the refractive index of glass fragments was investigated. Results are presented that suggest that the variability of refractive index measurements is increased when debris contamination is present on glass fragments.

Comparative dental anatomy in Disaster Victim Identification: Lessons from the 2009 Victorian Bushfires - Corrected Proof

Russell Lain, Jane Taylor, Sarah Croker, Pamela Craig, Jeremy Graham — 2010-07-05

Abstract: In the Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) response to the recent bushfire disasters in rural Victoria, Australia, forensic odontology played a significant role in the identification process. Particular features of this disaster were challenging to the odontologists. A characteristic of house fires is the extended time period during which the remains may be subject to heat, and their subsequent disruption as buildings collapse. This can result in dislodgement of teeth from sockets, loss of tooth crowns from roots, disruption of anatomical location of teeth and damage to bony features. Commingling of human remains also is often a feature, as is commingling of animal remains with human. Two cases which illustrate these features are described. A strategy for improving familiarity with comparative dental anatomy and improving skills in dental anatomy is suggested.

3D bloodstain pattern analysis: Ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains - Corrected Proof

2010-07-05

Abstract: For crime scene investigation in cases of homicide, the pattern of bloodstains at the incident site is of critical importance. The morphology of the bloodstain pattern serves to determine the approximate blood source locations, the minimum number of blows and the positioning of the victim.In the present work, the benefits of the three-dimensional bloodstain pattern analysis, including the ballistic approximation of the trajectories of the blood drops, will be demonstrated using two illustrative cases.The crime scenes were documented in 3D, using the non-contact methods digital photogrammetry, tachymetry and laser scanning. Accurate, true-to-scale 3D models of the crime scenes, including the bloodstain pattern and the traces, were created. For the determination of the areas of origin of the bloodstain pattern, the trajectories of up to 200 well-defined bloodstains were analysed in CAD and photogrammetry software. The ballistic determination of the trajectories was performed using ballistics software.The advantages of this method are the short preparation time on site, the non-contact measurement of the bloodstains and the high accuracy of the bloodstain analysis. It should be expected that this method delivers accurate results regarding the number and position of the areas of origin of bloodstains, in particular the vertical component is determined more precisely than using conventional methods. In both cases relevant forensic conclusions regarding the course of events were enabled by the ballistic bloodstain pattern analysis.

Risk evaluation for spoofing against a sensor supplied with liveness detection - Corrected Proof

Marcela Espinoza, Christophe Champod — 2010-07-01

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the risks associated with the use of fake fingerprints on a livescan supplied with a method of liveness detection. The method is based on optical properties of the skin. The sensor uses several polarizations and illuminations to capture the information of the different layers of the human skin. These experiments also allow for the determination under which conditions the system is deceived and if there is an influence respectively of the nature of the fake, the mould used for the production or the individuals involved in the attack.These experiments showed that current multispectral sensors can be deceived by the use of fake fingerprints created with or without the cooperation of the subject. Fakes created from direct casts perform better than those produced by fakes created from indirect casts. The results showed that the success of the attack is influenced by two main factors. The first is the quality of the fakes, and by extension the quality of the original fingerprint. The second is the combination of the general patterns involved in the attacks since an appropriate combination can strongly increase the rates of successful attacks.

Differentiation of blue ballpoint pen inks by positive and negative mode LDI-MS - Corrected Proof

M. Gallidabino, C. Weyermann, R. Marquis — 2010-07-01

Abstract: Usually, the differentiation of inks on questioned documents is carried out by optical methods and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Therefore, spectrometric methods were also proposed in forensic literature for the analysis of dyes. Between these techniques, laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) has demonstrated a great versatility thanks to its sensitivity to blue ballpoint ink dyes and minimal sample destruction. Previous researches concentrated mostly on the LDI-MS positive mode and have shown that this analytical tool offers higher discrimination power than high performance TLC (HPTLC) for the differentiation of blue ballpoint inks. Although LDI-MS negative mode has already been applied in numerous forensic domains like the studies of works of art, automotive paints or rollerball pens, its potential for the discrimination of ballpoint pens was never studied before. The aim of the present paper is therefore to evaluate its potential for the discrimination of blue ballpoint inks. After optimization of the method, ink entries from 33 blue ballpoint pens were analyzed directly on paper in both positive and negative modes by LDI-MS. Several cationic and anionic ink components were identified in inks; therefore, pens were classified and compared according to their formulations. Results show that additional information provided by anionic dyes and pigments significantly increases the discrimination power of positive mode. In fact, it was demonstrated that classifications obtained by the two modes were, to some extent, complementary (i.e., inks with specific cationic dyes not necessarily contained the same anionic components).

Cause of internal hemorrhage determined after exhumation: Report of one case - Corrected Proof

2010-07-01

Abstract: A 36-year-old woman consulted the medical emergency unit of a private health center for abdominal pain and gastroenteritis of 5 days duration. Acute right pyelonephritis was diagnosed. Five hours after admission she became unconscious in a state of clinical shock. She was transferred to an intensive care unit but resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful and she died 3h later. Three days after death, she was buried in the family vault. Five days after the burial, her husband lodged a complaint with the public prosecutor because he had not received a clear explanation from the physicians concerning the cause of his wife's death. After analysis of the medical records of the deceased by two forensic pathologists, a medicolegal autopsy was ordered by the public prosecutor. The corpse was exhumed and autopsy performed 9 days after death. Massive hemoperitoneum was diagnosed with a macroscopically ruptured subcapsular hematoma. Pathological study confirmed acute right pyelonephritis and demonstrated the precise cause of the hemorrhage: rupture of the hepatic artery at the hilar part, following infectious arteritis which was probably secondary to the acute pyelonephritis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published report of such a case.

Bullets fragments identification by comparison of their chemical composition obtained using instrumental neutron activation analysis - Corrected Proof

Antioco Franco Sedda, Gabriele Rossi — 2010-07-01

Abstract: Bullets found in crime scenes are usually compared by examination of the rifling impressions produced in the barrel of the questioned firearm. When, however, a bullet is fragmented or highly deformed, the comparison of rifling micro striations cannot be performed, and the only way two compare two or more bullets is by a match of their chemical analysis. In spite of the limits of the chemical analysis methods, due to the frequent compositional lead variability of ammunition boxes, the technique still keeps its full value, both as trial element, and as an aid in the investigations. A case is reported in the present paper, in which some crushed and deformed bullets, recovered from a murder victim body, have been analyzed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. The analysis allowed the assignation of the bullets to one of the ammunitions lots owned by one of the murder suspect.

The thermal visualisation of latent fingermarks on metallic surfaces - Corrected Proof

G. Wightman, D. O’Connor — 2010-06-30

Abstract: Recent published research has lead to improved techniques for recovering latent fingermarks from metallic surfaces. The present study corroborates and extends some of the work carried out by Bond , but an alternative mechanism is proposed for the thermal visualisation of fingermarks based on differential oxidation and the production of interference colours that improve contrast. Fingermarks treated at low temperature could be reheated to enhance recovery, but an upper temperature limit occurs beyond which the mark degrades. The mechanism of enhancement is discussed.

No association of IL-10 promoter SNP −592 and −1082 and SIDS - Corrected Proof

Cornelius Courts, Burkhard Madea — 2010-06-30

Abstract: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) constitutes a considerable percentage of infant death of unknown etiology. The genetically controlled pathway of cytokine mediated response to inflammation is presumed to play a role in SIDS. The A allele of SNP −592 of the promoter region of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 has been suggested to be associated with SIDS. Herein we investigated whether we could confirm this finding by SNP genotyping a series of 123 cases of SIDS and 406 control cases. We did not find a correlation between the A allele or an A allele containing genotype of IL-10 promoter SNP −592 and SIDS which is in contrast to previous studies. Also, in concordance with previous work, no association of the A allele or A allele containing genotypes of IL-10 promoter SNP −1082 and SIDS was found.

Self-infliction of faked gunshot wounds in absence of overt psychopathology - Corrected Proof

Fatos Sinani, Gentian Vyshka, Besim Ymaj — 2010-06-30

Abstract: Distinguishing deliberate self-inflicted body damage from assault represents a challenge to the forensic expert. Identifying a wound as self-inflicted can be particularly difficult in emergency room situations. We present the case of an individual who self-inflicted three bullet wounds, allegedly related to a shooting incident. This individual was lacking any overt psychopathology. When confronted with the facts, he confessed and explained his motivation. It is known that self-mutilation behavior can be related to particular, well systematized psychiatric disorders. However, in the absence of such a diagnosis, every suspicious wound should be carefully considered by the forensic expert as potentially self-inflicted with the intent by the “victim” of obtaining secondary gains.

Forensic and police identification of “X” bodies. A 6-years French experience - Corrected Proof

2010-06-24

Abstract: The identification of X bodies is an everyday preoccupation in forensic pathology. This retrospective analysis studied all methods of identification and characteristics of unidentified bodies arrived in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology (University Hospital R. Poincaré, Garches, France) during a 6-years period (2003–2009).The aim was to determine the identification methods used during all the forensic investigations, but also to study causes and manner of death in this sample of the population.A total of 9.1% of all autopsies were on X cadavers (217 cases out of 2384). On this total, only 134 of them have been included in our series after exclusion of archaeological and animal samples, but also of unidentified individuals or incomplete data available. Almost 28% of them have been identified with molecular biology (DNA), 23% with odontological examination, 7.5% with fingerprinting and 6.7% with autopsy data.Manner of death was mainly suicide (40.3%) especially by asphyxia following drowning, then accidental death (17.9%) especially consecutive to multiple trauma after traffic accident, acute carbon monoxide intoxication or carbonization in a fire. A total of 11.9% natural deaths were found (50% of them being of cardio-vascular origin) and 11.2% of homicides (with the use of firearm in a third of them). For 18.7% of X cadavers, the mode of death was undetermined.46.4% of all unidentified bodies in our series were only identified by the police investigations, using physical recognition (direct or with photographs) or personal effects or identity documents in close relationship with the body. Our study highlights the fact that quite half of all unidentified bodies are inhumed with an identity not scientifically proved.Bodies which remained unidentified after all investigations represent 10.2% of X cadavers (if we consider a group of 176 cases composed of our study sample of 134 cases plus 24 subjects identified just before the autopsy and the 18 cases which remained unidentified) and 0.8% of all autopsies performed in the department.

Detecting gravesoil with headspace analysis with adsorption on short porous layer open tubular (PLOT) columns - Corrected Proof

Tara M. Lovestead, Thomas J. Bruno — 2010-06-24

Abstract: Victims of crimes are often buried in clandestine graves. There are several techniques for finding buried bodies or the scattered remains of a victim; however, none of these methods are very reliable or work in all scenarios. One way to detect gravesoil is to detect the biochemical changes of the surrounding soil due to cadaver decomposition, for example, the release of nitrogenous compounds. A simple and low-cost way to detect these compounds is based on the reaction of alpha amino groups with ninhydrin to form Ruhemann's purple. This test for ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NRN) has, to date, only been performed by direct solvent extraction of soil samples. Here, we present a method that detects trace quantities of NRN in the headspace air above gravesoil. Our method is based on an improved purge and trap method developed in our lab for sampling low volatility compounds, as well as volatile compounds at trace quantities, by applying low temperature collection on short alumina-coated porous layer open tubular (PLOT) columns. We modified this method to sample the headspace air above gravesoil with a motorized pipetter and a PLOT column at ambient temperatures. We generated gravesoil using rat cadavers and local soil. Trace quantities of NRN were successfully detected in the headspace air above gravesoil. We report the quantities of NRN recovered for buried rats, rats laid on top of soil, and blank graves (no rats) as a function of time (weeks to months). This work is the first (and thus far, only) example of a method for detecting NRN in the vapor phase, providing another tool for forensic investigators to aid in locating elusive clandestine graves.

Vulnerabilities of fingerprint reader to fake fingerprints attacks - Corrected Proof

Marcela Espinoza, Christophe Champod, Pierre Margot — 2010-06-21

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to assess the vulnerabilities of a high resolution fingerprint sensor when confronted with fake fingerprints. The study has not been focused on the decision outcome of the biometric device, but essentially on the scores obtained following the comparison between a query (genuine or fake) and a template using an AFIS system. To do this, fake fingerprints of 12 subjects have been produced with and without their cooperation. These fake fingerprints have been used alongside with real fingers. The study led to three major observations: First, genuine fingerprints produced scores higher than fake fingers (translating a closer proximity) and this tendency is observed considering each subject separately. Second, scores are however not sufficient as a single measure to differentiate these samples (fake from genuine) given the variation due to the donors themselves. That explains why fingerprint readers without vitality detection can be fooled. Third, production methods and subjects greatly influence the scores obtained for fake fingerprints.

Exclusion of forensically important flies due to burying behavior by the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) in southeast Texas - Corrected Proof

Natalie K. Lindgren, Sibyl R. Bucheli, Alan D. Archambeault, Joan A. Bytheway — 2010-06-21

Abstract: On March 3, 2009, the remains of an adult male were partially buried at the Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science (STAFS) Facility at the Center for Biological Field Studies (CBFS), Sam Houston State University, Texas. The individual was buried except for a small portion of the left abdominal region. A postmortem incised wound was created in the exposed area with the intention of attracting carrion flies. Worker ants of a colony of Solenopsis invicta Buren 1972 (red imported fire ant) filled in the wound with soil, thereby monopolizing the exposed area of the corpse and excluding expected carrion insects from the wound. During the bloating phase, approximately nine days after burial, normal decomposition processes of the gut created a sufficient disruption of the ants, such that flies oviposited and larvae were able to colonize the corpse. Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) based on the minimum period of fly activity would be severely skewed should the remains be discovered at this point and growth rate of Diptera larvae be used as the primary determinant for the PMI. While S. invicta is an expected member of a carrion ecosystem in southeastern Texas, and is known to distort the PMI estimation through larval and egg removal, the complete exclusion of flies from the wound by the burial behavior of S. invicta was an unexpected and until now an unpublished occurrence.

Forensic implications of respiratory derived blood spatter distributions - Corrected Proof

David Denison, Alice Porter, Matthew Mills, Robert C. Schroter — 2010-06-21

Abstract: The nature of blood aerosols produced in physiological studies of an upright subject expiring small volumes through straws, spitting and mouthing sounds, and a semi-prone subject spitting through a bloody mouth or snorting through a single nasal orifice and by a simplified physical model of the respiratory system were investigated. Each manoeuvre produced many hundreds of droplets of a range of size, the vast majority being less than 1mm diameter. Droplets under 1mm dia. travelled over 1m – much further than could be expected if their flight was ballistic, like that of impact spatter. Respired blood aerosol properties are explained in terms of established mechanics of airflow shear induced aerosol production and the fluid mechanics of exhaled air movement.

Time-since-death and bone weathering in a tropical environment - Corrected Proof

Ann H. Ross, Sarah L. Cunningham — 2010-06-21

Abstract: The structural breakdown of skeletal remains follows a lengthy decomposition process, progressing from the appearance of cracking along the bone to complete loss of shape and skeletal integrity, that can occur in as early as 6 years or as long as 30. The length of time a set of skeletal remains takes to decompose depends heavily upon its micro-environment, the local context in which decomposition agents act on remains. Critical changes in the micro-context can drastically increase or slow the process. The burial of remains below the surface has been found to effectively shut out many of the most destructive decaying agents, such as the natural elements and insect and animal activity. This causes an increase in the amount of time needed to breakdown the skeletal remains.A better understanding of the decomposition process in varying micro-contexts is important for the ability to correctly estimate time since burial. This can aid not only in understanding of archaeological remains, but also in the identification of individuals in modern forensic and human rights cases. This study details the observations made during the excavation and analysis of burials on the Isla de Coiba off the coast of Panama. The excavation took place during the summer 2003 in an effort to identify several individuals who were believed to be part of the ‘disappeared’, people who went missing and believed to have been murdered under orders by the Torrijos and Noriega military regimes. Through the fieldwork analysis a decomposition timeline, specific for the Coiba micro-environment, was created. This new set of stages can be used to estimate time since burial in other areas whose local context is similar to that found on Coiba.

Long bone morphometrics for human from non-human discrimination - Corrected Proof

Bree Saulsman, Charles E. Oxnard, Daniel Franklin — 2010-06-18

Abstract: Forensic anthropologists are frequently required to verify the human origin of complete and partial skeletal remains. This determination, however, can be difficult for bone fragments with few or no distinctive morphological markers. Current methods of distinguishing human from non-human bone fragments include microscopic, immunological and DNA testing, which are each limited to some degree (e.g. time consuming and expensive). The purpose of this study is to investigate an alternative morphometric approach to quantify the external structure of human long bones (humeri, femora, and tibiae) compared to quadrupedal (sheep, dog, and pig) and bipedal (kangaroo and emu) animals common to Australia.Eight traditional measurements were taken on a sample of 50 human and at least 10 of each of the five animal species; measurements were then analysed using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The results expectedly indicate enough variation between species to correctly assign an unknown bone as that of a human or non-human, with cross-validated classification accuracy of 95% or better. More importantly, however, the technique also proved to be accurate if only a fragment of the diaphysis is analysed; classification accuracy 63–99%. The results of this study, therefore, outline a forensically useful non-invasive method to distinguish human from animal bones.

Morbus Fahr—Considerations on a case of sudden death - Corrected Proof

S. Unkrig, F. Gullotta, B. Madea — 2010-06-18

Abstract: Up to now, Fahr's disease has not been established as a cause of sudden death. We present the case of a middle-aged woman with vast bilateral basal ganglia and cerebellar calcifications that led to the diagnosis of Fahr's syndrome and at the same time gave a clue for the fatal outcome.

The investigation of a relative contrast index model for fingerprint quantification - Corrected Proof

Jana Vanderwee, Glenn Porter, Adrian Renshaw, Michael Bell — 2010-06-17

Abstract: The quantification of fingerprint contrast is a relatively new concept in fingerprint enhancement research. It has emerged as a mode of fingerprint assessment to reduce the potential biased of visual qualitative assessment. Subjective qualitative methods that are currently reported in the literature include; side-by-side assessment, assigning a score to a treatment based on visible criteria and stating observed results without presenting supporting validation. These qualitative methods often do not state clearly the visual assessment parameters and produce a degree of ambiguity when defining the enhancement results.The relative contrast index model was constructed to empirically quantify the difference in contrast between fingerprint ridges and valleys, using measurements gained from a microspectrophotometer. This paper seeks to further investigate this recent research and test the model using three different microspectrophotometers. Data from these separate sources will determine whether the theoretical aspects of the model would pragmatically produce reliable and repeatable results across a range of microspectrophotometers found in forensic laboratories.

In vitro study of possible microbial indicators for drowning: Salinity and types of bacterioplankton proliferating in blood - Corrected Proof

2010-06-17

Abstract: Numbers and types of bacterioplankton proliferating in blood samples mixed with water of various salinity levels were examined to determine the characteristics of species associated with salinity. Water samples (total n=88) were collected from the midstream of two rivers (freshwater; n=10; salinity <0.05%), from around their estuaries (areas of freshwater, n=20, salinity <0.05%; areas of brackish water, n=20, salinity <0.05–3.1%; areas of marine water beyond the mouths of the rivers, n=28, salinity 2.4–3.3%), and from the coast (areas of marine water; n=10; salinity 3.3–3.5%). Freshwater bacteria were identified in 41 of 42 blood samples mixed with water at ≤1.3% salinity, and the genus Aeromonas, which is universally distributed in freshwater environments, was predominant. Marine bacteria were identified in all of 46 blood samples mixed with water at ≥1.8% salinity, and most comprised the genera Vibrio and Photobacterium that are universally distributed in seawater environments. Aeromonas was undetectable in all blood samples mixed with brackish or sea water at ≥1.8% salinity although they are detectable even in seawater environments. Thus, the present results showed that bacterioplankton capable of proliferating in human blood reflects the salinity of water.

Thermal development of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces—Further observations and refinements - Corrected Proof

2010-06-17

Abstract: In a further study of the thermal development of fingermarks on paper and similar surfaces, it is demonstrated that direct contact heating of the substrate using coated or ceramic surfaces at temperatures in excess of 230°C produces results superior to those obtained using hot air. Fingermarks can also be developed in this way on other cellulose-based substrates such as wood and cotton fabric, though ridge detail is difficult to obtain in the latter case. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the phenomena observed during the thermal development of fingermarks can be reproduced simply by heating untreated white copy paper or filter paper, or these papers treated with solutions of sodium chloride or alanine. There is no evidence to suggest that the observed fluorescence of fingermarks heated on paper is due to a reaction of fingermark constituents on or with the paper. Instead, we maintain that the ridge contrast observed first as fluorescence, and later as brown charring, is simply an acceleration of the thermal degradation of the paper. Thermal degradation of cellulose, a major constituent of paper and wood, is known to give rise to a fluorescent product if sufficient oxygen is available . However, the absence of atmospheric oxygen has only a slight effect on the thermal development of fingermarks, indicating that there is sufficient oxygen already present in paper to allow the formation of the fluorescent and charred products. In a depletion study comparing thermal development of fingermarks on paper with development using ninhydrin, the thermal technique was found to be as sensitive as ninhydrin for six out of seven donors. When thermal development was used in sequence with ninhydrin and DFO, it was found that only fingermarks that had been developed to the fluorescent stage (a few seconds of heating) could subsequently be developed with the other reagents. In the reverse sequence, no useful further development was noted for fingermarks that were treated thermally after having been developed with ninhydrin or DFO. Aged fingermarks, including marks from 1-year-old university examination papers were successfully developed using the thermal technique.

Techniques of dental DNA extraction: Some operative experiences - Corrected Proof

2010-06-17

Abstract: This study presents and discusses the possibility of multiple dental DNA extraction at different times using an endodontic technique. We chose a mixed sample of twenty teeth (decayed, filled, different kinds of teeth, etc.) and performed two different accesses to the pulp cavity to collect samples of dental tissue useful for DNA extraction. The Identifiler® and Minifiler® kits were used respectively for the first and second genetic analysis. The research's most relevant findings are the possibility of successfully repeating dental DNA extractions, and that a dental element can be considered as a DNA source that can be reused even after prolonged time elapses. The study's results document a simple and efficient methodology for dental identification based on the choice of dental elements, endodontic techniques and the use of the Minifiler® kit for genetic analysis.

Thebaine in hair as a marker for chronic use of illegal opium poppy substances - Corrected Proof

2010-06-17

Abstract: Opium poppy products are often illegally used for both recreational and medicinal purposes. In order to demonstrate the ingestion of opium poppy substances, morphine, codeine and their metabolites have been identified. However, morphine and codeine also originate from the ingestion of therapeutic drugs. Therefore, thebaine, one of the main opium alkaloids, in hair was suggested as a marker for chronic use of illegal opium poppy substances in the present study. First, thebaine was included in the analyte list of our routine analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of codeine, morphine, norcodeine, normorphine and 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) in hair, which was fully validated previously. Then, the incorporation of thebaine and other opiates into hair and the effect of hair pigmentation were examined using lean Zucker rats with both dark grey and white hair on the same body. Thebaine was also measured in hair samples from actual cases of opium poppy substance use. Consequently, thebaine in hair was demonstrated as a marker of chronic use of illegal opium poppy substances using an animal study and actual cases. Thebaine and other opiates were successfully measured in pigmented hair from rats that ingested raw opium suspension. Moreover, thebaine identified in hair excluded possibility of ingestion of pharmaceutical opiates in actual cases.

3D GPR in forensics: Finding a clandestine grave in a mountainous environment - Corrected Proof

Alexandre Novo, Henrique Lorenzo, Fernando I. Rial, Mercedes Solla — 2010-06-17

Abstract: In the present work we show a forensic case study carried out in a mountainous environment. Main objective was to locate a clandestine grave which is around 10–20 years old and contains human remains of one individual and a metallic tool, probably a pick. Survey design started with an experimental burial of a pick at the expected depth (1m) as well as the calculation of synthetic radargrams in order to know if the 250MHz antenna was suitable for its detection and to have a record of the reflection of the pick. Conclusions extracted from the experiments together with rough terrain conditions suggested the use of the 250MHz antenna which allowed a good compromise between target detection and dense grid acquisition of an extensive survey area.

An unusual death of a masochist: Accident or suicide? - Corrected Proof

2010-06-17

Abstract: “Autoerotic asphyxia” typically involves an individual hanging or ligature, resulting in self-induced oxygen deprivation brought about by neck compression during sexual activity. Little about the so-called “atypical forms” of autoerotic asphyxia, which also involve compression of the chest or abdomen, has been published in forensic literature. When death results from such practices, they are usually deemed accidental, however, suicide or homicide must also be considered.The authors present a single case of accidental fatal asphyxia by the simultaneous compression of the neck, chest, and abdomen using a chair-bed. The victim was known to have had masochistic tendencies. In order to confirm the hypothesis of accidental death, the results of crime scene investigations, and autopsy findings, including histological and toxicological analysis, are summarized here.

Computer assisted substance identification in systematic toxicological analysis: New life for old methods? - Corrected Proof

2010-06-16

Abstract: Systematic toxicological analysis is a major task in clinical and forensic toxicology, usually being addressed with mass spectrometric methods. As an alternative to approach substance identification in resource limited laboratories, we developed an Internet-based software to process analytical data, obtaining corrected identification parameters and using a probabilistic approach to retrieve a database comprised of retention indices in gas chromatography and relative retention times and absorption maxima in the UV range in high performance liquid chromatography, obtained at standardized conditions. The probabilistic approach allowed ranking candidate substances on basis of a Similarity Index. A Mean List Length of 1.6 was obtained when all analytical data was informed, considering a database of 1762 compounds. In 34 of 35 spiked samples, the software ranked the correct substance at the higher Similarity Index. List lengths similar to those obtained with more sophisticated methods can be found with the software, which represents a valuable alternative to resource limited laboratories.

Trace-metal distribution of cigarette ashes as marker of tobacco brands - Corrected Proof

2010-06-16

Abstract: The trace-metal distribution of cigarette ashes offers a potential interest from the point of view of forensics and criminology dealing with the determination and classification of tobacco brands. There is a vast bibliography related to the determination of different metals in tobacco leaves. Nevertheless, none of them are directly linked to this matter. Therefore, in this work we present a methodology to assess the viability of discriminating between different tobacco brands by analysing the ashes after smoking. This methodology encompasses the data analysis by atomic techniques (inductively coupled plasma) and further data analysis by principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The metal distribution (Zn, B, Mn, Fe, Mg, Cu, Ti, Al, Sr, Ca, Ba, Na, Li, and K) of cigarette ashes of different tobacco brands was determined in 149 samples obtained from local stores, representing the most common brands of cigarettes readily available to consumers in Spain. Further analysis of the data with PCA denoted significant differences between different brands of tobacco in their metallic content. In that sense, blond tobaccos were found to contain different patterns in metallic content than black tobaccos. Intrinsic differences were found between different brands, being possible to study the relationship between each brand and its metallic concentration and compare this relationship with other brands. Moreover the possibility of developing classification models to be able to discriminate between different brands was also introduced.

Fatal poisoning due to snorting buprenorphine and alcohol consumption - Corrected Proof

2010-06-16

Abstract: High dosage buprenorphine (Subutex®) has been prescribed as a replacement therapy for major opioid dependencies in France since 1996. However, several studies have underlined its lethal risk, especially when administered intravenously, or when combined with benzodiazepines, alcohol or other central nervous system depressants. We report three fatal buprenorphine-related poisonings after snorting, among outside protocol individuals, observed at the Forensic Medicine Unit of Caen University Hospital. Medico-legal autopsies and complementary examinations were performed. The results are presented and discussed. Lethal poisoning after snorting buprenorphine was considered the most probable cause of death. These observations illustrate the risk of fatal poisoning by buprenorphine per-nasal route, which has rarely been reported in the literature although snorting is particularly prized by individuals outside the substitution therapy. We also observed the combination of buprenorphine and alcohol. By evaluating the pharmacological characteristics of this substance, as well as the data previously published in the literature, we have attempted to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of this particular mode of poisoning that can easily be fatal.