Forensic Science International

Editorial Board

2013-06-10

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of JWH-018 metabolites in urine samples with direct comparison to analytical standards

Beth Emerson, Bill Durham, Jennifer Gidden, Jackson O. Lay — 2013-06-10

Abstract: JWH-018 (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) is one of numerous potential aminoalkylindoles contained in products marketed as ‘K2’ or ‘Spice’. Investigation of the urinary metabolites from consumption of these compounds is important because they are banned in the United States and many European countries. An efficient extraction procedure and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method were developed for detection of ‘K2’ metabolites in urine from individuals suspected of using these products. Analytical standards were used to elucidate the structure-specific mass spectral fragmentations and retention properties to confirm proposed identifications and support quantitative studies. A procedure for the synthesis of one of these metabolites (5-hydroxypentyl JWH-018) was also developed. Results are comparable to existing LC–MS/MS methods, with the same primary metabolites detected. The specific metabolite hydrolysis products include 4-hydroxpentyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, and N-pentanoic acid derivatives.

Geographic diversity of Helicobacter pylori in cadavers: Forensic estimation of geographical origin

Sayaka Nagasawa, Hisako Motani-Saitoh, Hiroyuki Inoue, Hirotaro Iwase — 2013-06-10

Abstract: A method for determining the geographical origin of unidentified cadavers by determining the genotype of Helicobacter pylori, which is latent in one-half of the world's population, was developed. In the first stage, DNA was extracted from samplings at 5 points in the gastric mucosa of 177 individuals randomly selected from cadavers undergoing medico-legal autopsy. 16S-rDNA of H. pylori DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 101 cadavers (57.0%); by sex, 74 of 123 (60.1%) males and 28 of 54 (46.4%) females were positive. There were no significant differences in H. pylori detection rate among the 5 sampling points of the gastric mucosa, cause of death, or age. In the second stage, amplified fragments of H. pylori vacA regions s and m from 17 individuals with the following ethnic backgrounds were sequenced: Japanese, 10; Chinese, 2; South Korean, 1; Taiwanese, 1; Thai, 1; Afghan, 1; and Filipino, 1. A phylogenetic tree constructed with these and 28 previously reported H. pylori strain sequences revealed 3 major gene clusters consisting of East Asian type I (Japanese, South Korean and Chinese), Western type II, and Southeast Asia type III. The Taiwanese and Filipino samples deviated from the clusters type III to which they typically belong.The ultimate aim of the present study was to develop a more accurate method of determining of geographic origin of unidentified cadavers through the combination of the present method with other, virus-based methods H. pylori DNA was detected from over half of the cadavers tested and vacA genotypes showed specificity to geographical origin. Therefore, these results suggest that the H. pylori genome provides valuable additional information for tracing the geographical origin of unidentified cadavers.

Profiling counterfeit Cialis, Viagra and analogs by UPLC–MS

2013-06-10

Abstract: In this work, the chemical profile of 43 commercial samples of tablets for male erectile dysfunction (Viagra®, Cialis®, Lazar®, Libiden®, Maxfil®, Plenovit®, Potent 75®, Rigix®, Vimax®, Pramil® 75 and Pramil®) and 65 counterfeit samples (Viagra and Cialis) were obtained from UPLC–MS data. Methanol extracts of crushed tablets were investigated by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) coupled with eletrospray ionization in the positive ion mode (ESI(+)) quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-Tof) mass spectrometry (MS). A validated method was employed for the simultaneous determination of sildenafil citrate (SLD) and tadalafil (TAD). The ultra-chromatograms obtained with method provide high resolution of MS, and are a quick (less to 1.5min) and reliable tool in the distinction between authentic and counterfeit tablets. It was observed in most cases the presence of other active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) than specified on the package (TAD and SLD). Additionally, high concentrations of TAD and SLD were detected in counterfeit samples when compare with observed values for a typical commercial product. Chemometric methods were employed and the samples were grouped in five groups as function of API content.

Trends in counterfeits amphetamine-type stimulants after its prohibition in Brazil

2013-06-10

Abstract: Brazil is one of the world's highest users of anorectic drugs, mainly diethylpropione, fenproporex and sibutramine. The present work focuses on physical and chemical characteristics of 17 counterfeited capsules containing amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) from three seizures conducted by Brazilian Federal Police. The physical profile was useful in indicating forgery, bring complementary information, but the use of this data singly was not sufficient to distinguish between authentic and counterfeited medicines. The chemical analysis revealed that the seizures capsules labeled as Desobesi-M® (fenproporex 25mg), actually contained the active pharmaceutical ingrediente (API) sibutramine. The amount of this API ranged from 1/3 to 2 times the amount of drug found in commercial product, may reach twice the recommended daily dose. Multivariate analysis with application of principal component analysis on data from spectroscopy attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared classified the samples according to their similarities, indicating that two seizures had common origin. This study represents the first step in the elucidation of falsification of ATS in Brazil. Considering the forensic intelligence these information are valuable in order to develop and establish a database that enables correlate samples from different locations and/or suppliers and to map the profile and trends of trafficking.

Cartridge case image matching using effective correlation area based method

S. Yammen, P. Muneesawang — 2013-06-10

Abstract: A firearm leaves a unique impression on fired cartridge cases. The cross-correlation function plays an important role in matching the characteristic features on the cartridge case found at the crime scene with a specific firearm, for accurate firearm identification. This paper proposes that the computational forensic techniques of alignment and effective correlation area-based approaches to image matching are essential to firearm identification. Specifically, the reference and the corresponding cartridge cases are aligned according to the phase-correlation criterion on the transform domain. The informative segments of the breech face marks are identified by a cross-covariance coefficient using the coefficient value in a window located locally in the image space. The segments are then passed to the measurement of edge density for computing effective correlation areas. Experimental results on a new dataset show that the correlation system can make use of the best properties of alignment and effective correlation area-based approaches, and can attain significant improvement of image-correlation results, compared with the traditional image-matching methods for firearm identification, which employ cartridge-case samples. An analysis of image-alignment score matrices suggests that all translation and scaling parameters are estimated correctly, and contribute to the successful extraction of effective correlation areas. It was found that the proposed method has a high discriminant power, compared with the conventional correlator. This paper advocates that this method will enable forensic science to compile a large-scale image database to perform correlation of cartridge case bases, in order to identify firearms that involve pairwise alignments and comparisons.

Finite element analysis of pedestrian lower limb fractures by direct force: The result of being run over or impact?

2013-06-10

Abstract: The elucidation and prediction of the biomechanics of lower limb fractures could serve as a useful tool in forensic practices. Finite element (FE) analysis could potentially help in the understanding of the fracture mechanisms of lower limb fractures frequently caused by car–pedestrian accidents. Our aim was (1) to develop and validate a FE model of the human lower limb, (2) to assess the biomechanics of specific injuries concerning run-over and impact loading conditions, and (3) to reconstruct one real car–pedestrian collision case using the model created in this study. We developed a novel lower limb FE model and simulated three different loading scenarios. The geometry of the model was reconstructed using Mimics 13.0 based on computed tomography (CT) scans from an actual traffic accident. The material properties were based upon a synthesis of data found in published literature. The FE model validation and injury reconstruction were conducted using the LS-DYNA code. The FE model was validated by a comparison of the simulation results of three-point bending, overall lateral impact tests and published postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) results. Simulated loading scenarios of running-over the thigh with a wheel, the impact on the upper leg, and impact on the lower thigh were conducted with velocities of 10m/s, 20m/s, and 40m/s, respectively. We compared the injuries resulting from one actual case with the simulated results in order to explore the possible fracture bio-mechanism. The peak fracture forces, maximum bending moments, and energy lost ratio exhibited no significant differences between the FE simulations and the literature data. Under simulated run-over conditions, the segmental fracture pattern was formed and the femur fracture patterns and mechanisms were consistent with the actual injury features of the case. Our study demonstrated that this simulation method could potentially be effective in identifying forensic cases and exploring of the injury mechanisms of lower limb fractures encountered due to inflicted lesions. This model can also help to distinguish between possible and impossible scenarios.

Oral intercourse or secondary transfer? A Bayesian approach of salivary amylase and foreign DNA findings

Michelle Breathnach, Elizabeth Moore — 2013-06-10

Abstract: The Bayesian Approach allows forensic scientists to evaluate the significance of scientific evidence in light of two conflicting hypothesis. This aids the investigator to calculate a numerical value of the probability that the scientific findings support one hypothesis over conflicting opinions. In the case where oral intercourse is alleged, α-amylase, an indicator of saliva, is detected on penile swabs. The value of this finding is unknown as it may indicate the presence of saliva resulting from oral intercourse however it may also represent the presence of saliva due to innocent means such as background levels of salivary-α-amylase in the male population due to secondary transfer. Therefore, it is difficult to attach significance to this finding without background information and knowledge.A population study of the background levels of salivary-α-amylase was performed by analysing items of underwear worn under normal circumstances by 69 male volunteers. The Phadebas® press test was used to screen the garments for amylase-containing stains and the positive areas were subjected to further confirmation of saliva by the RSID™-Saliva kit. 44% of underwear screened had stains containing amylase. This study determined the background level of salivary-α-amylase and DNA on the inside front of male underwear which has potential implications on the interpretation of evidence in alleged oral intercourse.

Glucocorticosteroids as markers of death from hypothermia

Krzysztof Bańka, Grzegorz Teresiński, Grzegorz Buszewicz, Roman Mądro — 2013-06-10

Abstract: In the course of hypothermia, biochemical changes occur that are associated with stimulation of protective thermogenic mechanisms as well as mobilization of internal energy resources mediated by the hormone system. The objective of the investigation was the assessment of validity of determinations of cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone as hypothermia markers in cases of fatal hypothermia combined with concomitant insobriety of the victims.The experimental group consisted of blood samples collected in the course of medico-legal autopsies of 23 hypothermia victims. The controls included blood samples originating from 34 victims of violent sudden deaths (deaths by hanging and traffic road accidents at the scene) and from ten individuals deceased after prolonged agony in consequence of post-traumatic subdural hematomas. In both groups, three subgroups were distinguished that included cases with ethanol levels within the following ranges: 0.0–0.99, 1.0–2.99 and ≥3.0‰.The comparison of determination results showed that irrespectively of blood ethanol concentration, cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone levels seen in hypothermia victims were significantly higher as compared to the controls (P<0.001).

Experimental and theoretical studies of the spreading of bloodstains on painted surfaces

Craig D. Adam — 2013-06-10

Abstract: The spreading of bloodstains on matt, vinyl silk and gloss painted surfaces, following both perpendicular and non-perpendicular impact, has been studied with a view to understanding whether surface-specific properties affect the size and shape of the final stain. In all cases the dimensions of the stains on the rougher, matt paint are up to 5% less than on the other painted surfaces though this difference decreases with impact velocity. Both the diameter of circular stains and the width of elliptical stains have been successfully modelled as a function of the perpendicular component of impact velocity vn using a modification of the energy conservation approach through the inclusion of a single, empirical constant characteristic of the surface itself. By further development of this theory, the characteristic dynamical length parameter which governs the spreading has been modified to be dependent on angle thus enabling the length of elliptical stains to be predicted independently for the first time. For all these surfaces, experiment shows that the impact angles, calculated using the conventional trigonometric formula, are in deficit by around 1° at high vn increasing to around 5° at lower vn. By modelling this deficit independently using the theoretical expressions for stain width and length, this variation with vn has been successfully explained. This work has demonstrated some of the fundamental systematic sources of error in using the conventional formula for interpreting elliptical stains and established some of the basic theory on which to develop the interpretation of casework stains on surfaces, in the future.

Evaluation of DFO/PVP and its application to latent fingermarks development on thermal paper

Ya-Ping Luo, Ya-Bin Zhao, Sai Liu — 2013-06-10

Abstract: A new method for improved development of latent fingermarks on thermal paper by 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) treatment is described. Compared with conventional DFO solution, the mixed solution of DFO/PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) described here reduces black background staining without removing the thermosensitive layer and develops fingermarks by the reaction of DFO with amino acid deposited on the thermal paper's surface.An advantage of this approach is that the developed fluorescent fingermarks have high contrast and can be observed and photographed when excited in the 515nm region and observed through an orange-red barrier long-pass filter with no background coloration. In addition, the method reported here does not involve any pre- or post treatment of the substrate and exhibits high sensitivity with good stability. Experimental results showed that the method was able to develop very old fingermarks, up to 154 days old, demonstrating the feasibility of using the method to develop identifiable latent fingermarks operationally.Furthermore, we extended our experiments to various types of thermal papers. Notably, this method exhibits several very attractive features, namely time saving, simple procedures, inexpensive, convenient operation, and PVP is non-toxic and reasonably priced. Finally, in this study an attempt has been made to explain the reaction mechanism of the process and the effects of PVP.

Survey on batch-to-batch variation in spray paints: A collaborative study

2013-06-10

Abstract: This study represents the most extensive analysis of batch-to-batch variations in spray paint samples to date. The survey was performed as a collaborative project of the ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) Paint and Glass Working Group (EPG) and involved 11 laboratories. Several studies have already shown that paint samples of similar color but from different manufacturers can usually be differentiated using an appropriate analytical sequence. The discrimination of paints from the same manufacturer and color (batch-to-batch variations) is of great interest and these data are seldom found in the literature. This survey concerns the analysis of batches from different color groups (white, papaya (special shade of orange), red and black) with a wide range of analytical techniques and leads to the following conclusions.Colored batch samples are more likely to be differentiated since their pigment composition is more complex (pigment mixtures, added pigments) and therefore subject to variations. These variations may occur during the paint production but may also occur when checking the paint shade in quality control processes. For these samples, techniques aimed at color/pigment(s) characterization (optical microscopy, microspectrophotometry (MSP), Raman spectroscopy) provide better discrimination than techniques aimed at the organic (binder) or inorganic composition (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) or elemental analysis (SEM – scanning electron microscopy and XRF – X-ray fluorescence)).White samples contain mainly titanium dioxide as a pigment and the main differentiation is based on the binder composition (CH stretches) detected either by FTIR or Raman. The inorganic composition (elemental analysis) also provides some discrimination.Black samples contain mainly carbon black as a pigment and are problematic with most of the spectroscopic techniques. In this case, pyrolysis-GC/MS represents the best technique to detect differences. Globally, Py-GC/MS may show a high potential of discrimination on all samples but the results are highly dependent on the specific instrumental conditions used.Finally, the discrimination of samples when data was interpreted visually as compared to statistically using principal component analysis (PCA) yielded very similar results. PCA increases sensitivity and could perform better on specific samples, but one first has to ensure that all non-informative variation (baseline deviation) is eliminated by applying correct pre-treatments. Statistical treatments can be used on a large data set and, when combined with an expert's opinion, will provide more objective criteria for decision making.

Temperature-dependent appearance of forensically useful beetles on carcasses

Szymon Matuszewski, Michał Szafałowicz — 2013-06-10

Abstract: Estimating the pre-appearance interval (PAI) of carrion insects from temperature is a new and promising improvement of entomological methods for post-mortem interval estimation. In order to use this approach in casework, a taxon should demonstrate a close relationship between PAI and temperature. In this article we test this relationship in selected species of beetles, namely Thanatophilus sinuatus Fabr., T. rugosus L., Necrodes littoralis L. (Silphidae), Necrobia rufipes De Geer, N. violacea L. (Cleridae), Dermestes frischii Kug. (Dermestidae), Creophilus maxillosus L., Philonthus politus L., Ontholestes murinus L. (Staphylinidae), Saprinus semistriatus Scriba, S. planiusculus Motch. and Margarinotus brunneus Fabr. (Histeridae). Data were collected from 30 pig carcasses decomposing under different temperature conditions in open and forest habitats of Western Poland. Beetles were sampled with pitfall traps and with manual and soil sampling. The on-site temperature of the ground level was recorded. The relationship was tested separately in adult and larval stages. All species, except for D. frischii, revealed significant relationship between PAI and temperature. In all cases PAI was found to decrease exponentially with an increase in temperature. Moreover, above some temperature it was nearly constant. The relationship was strong in the case of adult and larval N. littoralis, adult N. rufipes, adult and larval C. maxillosus, adult P. politus, S. semistriatus and S. planiusculus. The relationship of moderate strength was found for adult and larval T. sinuatus, adult N. violacea and adult M. brunneus. In the case of adult T. rugosus and O. murinus the relationship was weak. Current results demonstrate that there are solid premises for estimating PAI from temperature in T. sinuatus, N. littoralis, N. rufipes, N. violacea, C. maxillosus, P. politus, S. semistriatus, S. planiusculus and M. brunneus. Implications for forensic entomology are discussed.

Abiotic environmental factors influencing blowfly colonisation patterns in the field

Kelly A. George, Melanie S. Archer, Tes Toop — 2013-06-10

Abstract: The accuracy of minimum post-mortem interval (mPMI) estimates usually hinges upon the ability of forensic entomologists to predict the conditions under which calliphorids will colonise bodies. However, there can be delays between death and colonisation due to poorly understood abiotic and biotic factors, hence the need for a mPMI. To quantify the importance of various meteorological and light-level factors, beef liver baits were placed in the field (Victoria, Australia) on 88 randomly selected days over 3 years in all seasons and observed every 60–90min for evidence of colonisation. Baits were exposed during daylight, and the following parameters were measured: barometric pressure, light intensity, wind speed, ambient temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Collected data were analysed using backward LR logistic regression to produce an equation of colonisation probability. This type of analysis removes factors with the least influence on colonisation in successive steps until all remaining variables significantly increase the accuracy of predicting colonisation presence or absence. Ambient temperature was a positive predictor variable (an increase in temperature increased the probability of calliphorid colonisation). Relative humidity was a negative predictor variable (an increase in humidity decreased the probability of calliphorid colonisation). Barometric pressure, light intensity, wind speed and rainfall did not enhance the accuracy of the probability model; however, analysis of species activity patterns suggests that heavy rainfall and strong wind speeds inhibit calliphorid colonisation.

Forensic profiling of sassafras oils based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

M. Schäffer, T. Gröger, M. Pütz, R. Zimmermann — 2013-06-10

Abstract: Safrole, the main compound in the essential oil of several plants of the Laurel family (Lauraceae), and its secondary product piperonylmethylketone are the predominantly used precursors for the illicit synthesis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) which is, in turn, the most common active ingredient in Ecstasy tablets. Analytical methods with adequate capacity to identify links and origin of precursors, such as safrole, provide valuable information for drug-related police intelligence. Authentic sassafras oil samples from police seizures were subjected to comparative analysis based on their chemical profiles obtained by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–TOFMS). The enhanced separation power and increased sensitivity of GC×GC allowed for the detection of minor compounds present in the essential oils which were of particular interest in case of very pure samples whose impurity profiles were not very pronounced. Discrimination of such samples was still possible even in the absence of characteristic main compounds.

An accurate method for microanalysis of carbon monoxide in putrid postmortem blood by head-space gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS/GC/MS)

Hongxia Hao, Hong Zhou, Xiaopei Liu, Zhong Zhang, Zhongshan Yu — 2013-06-10

Abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) may be the cause of more than half the fatal poisonings reported in many countries, with some of these cases under-reported or misdiagnosed by medical professionals. Therefore, an accurate and reliable analytical method to measure blood carboxyhemoglobin level (COHb%), in the 1% to lethal range, is essential for correct diagnosis. Herein a method was established, i.e. head-space gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS/GC/MS) that has numerous advantages over other techniques, such as UV spectrometry, for determination of COHb%. There was a linear relationship (R2=0. 9995) between the peak area for CO and the COHb% in blood. Using a molecular sieve-packed column, CO levels in the air down to 0.01% and COHb% levels in small blood samples down to 0.2% could be quantitated rapidly and accurately. Furthermore, this method showed good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation for COHb% of <1%. Therefore, this technique provides an accurate and reliable method for determining CO and COHb% levels and may prove useful for investigation of deaths potentially related to CO exposure.

Genetic analysis of sudden unexplained death: A multidisciplinary approach

2013-06-10

Abstract: Each year infants, children and young adults die suddenly and unexpectedly. In many cases the cause of death can be elucidated by medico-legal autopsy, however, a significant number of these cases remain unexplained despite a detailed postmortem investigation and are labeled as sudden unexplained death (SUD). Post-mortem genetic testing, so called molecular autopsy, revealed that primary arrhythmogenic disorders including long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) may account for a certain number of these cases. Because of the inheritance of these diseases, close relatives of the deceased may also at potential risk of carrying fatal cardiac disorders. Therefore, advanced diagnostic analyses, genetic counseling and interdisciplinary collaboration should be integral parts of clinical and forensic practice. In the present study, we performed mutation analyses of the major genes causing cardiac channelopathies in 15 SUD cases. In four cases we found putative pathogenic mutations in cardiac ion channel genes. Clinical and genetic examination of family members of SUD victims was also performed and affected family members were identified. This study demonstrates that molecular genetic screening needs to become an inherent part of the postmortem examination. This will enhance the ability of screening family members of SUD victims who may be at risk. The present data also illustrate that detection and follow up of familial cases of sudden death is challenging and requires a close multidisciplinary collaboration between different medical disciplines, with great responsibility for the forensic pathologist.

Can fatty acid and mineral compositions of sturgeon eggs distinguish between farm-raised versus wild white (Acipenser transmontanus) sturgeon origins in California? Preliminary report

Edward J. DePeters, Birgit Puschner, Scott J. Taylor, Jeff A. Rodzen — 2013-06-10

Abstract: The objective was to investigate the potential of using fatty acid and mineral compositions of sturgeon eggs to distinguish their source, either farm-raised or wild fish. Trafficking of illegally obtained wild white sturgeon eggs is a major concern to the California Department of Fish and Game, but there is no forensic method to separate wild and farm-raised white sturgeon eggs. The extension of these findings in future work will be to use the fatty acid and mineral compositions as forensic indicators of caviar produced legally from farm raised sturgeon compared with illegal caviar produced from sturgeon poached from the wild. Samples (10) of sturgeon eggs were collected from a commercial aquaculture facility in the Sacramento Valley. Eggs from wild sturgeon (9) were obtained primarily from confiscations of illegally caught sturgeon by fish and game law enforcement personnel. The total lipid content of sturgeon eggs was analyzed for fatty acid composition. The most notable difference was the higher concentration (P<0.001) of C18:2n6 in farm raised eggs (6.5mg/100g total lipid) than wild eggs (0.6mg/100g total lipid) while other differences between fatty acids were smaller. Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3) was higher (P<0.02) in farm-raised (5.56mg/100g) than wild (4.49mg/100g). Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3), C18:1 cis 9&10, and C20:4n6 were not different for origin of the eggs. Concentration of selenium was markedly higher (P<0.001) in eggs from wild sturgeon (10.0mg/kg dry weight) than farm-raised sturgeon (2.7mg/kg dry weight). Concentrations of iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and potassium did not differ between farm-raised and wild eggs. Arsenic concentration in wild eggs was 3.3mg/kg dry weight whereas arsenic was not detected in the farm-raised eggs. Fatty acid and mineral compositions of eggs differed significantly between farm-raised and wild sturgeon and these should be investigated further as biological markers for forensic identification of caviar origin.

Perspectives for Forensic Intelligence in anti-doping: Thinking outside of the box

François Marclay, Patrice Mangin, Pierre Margot, Martial Saugy — 2013-06-10

Abstract: Today's approach to anti-doping is mostly centered on the judicial process, despite pursuing a further goal in the detection, reduction, solving and/or prevention of doping. Similarly to decision-making in the area of law enforcement feeding on Forensic Intelligence, anti-doping might significantly benefit from a more extensive gathering of knowledge. Forensic Intelligence might bring a broader logical dimension to the interpretation of data on doping activities for a more future-oriented and comprehensive approach instead of the traditional case-based and reactive process. Information coming from a variety of sources related to doping, whether directly or potentially, would feed an organized memory to provide real time intelligence on the size, seriousness and evolution of the phenomenon. Due to the complexity of doping, integrating analytical chemical results and longitudinal monitoring of biomarkers with physiological, epidemiological, sociological or circumstantial information might provide a logical framework enabling fit for purpose decision-making. Therefore, Anti-Doping Intelligence might prove efficient at providing a more proactive response to any potential or emerging doping phenomenon or to address existing problems with innovative actions or/and policies. This approach might prove useful to detect, neutralize, disrupt and/or prevent organized doping or the trafficking of doping agents, as well as helping to refine the targeting of athletes or teams. In addition, such an intelligence-led methodology would serve to address doping offenses in the absence of adverse analytical chemical evidence.

LC–MS/MS of some atypical antipsychotics in human plasma, serum, oral fluid and haemolysed whole blood

2013-03-14

Abstract: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of atypical antipsychotics is common, but published methods often specify relatively complex sample preparation and analysis procedures. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the analysis of amisulpride, aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole, clozapine and norclozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and sulpiride in small (200μL) volumes of plasma or serum for TDM purposes. The applicability of the method as developed to haemolysed whole blood and to oral fluid was also investigated.Analytes and internal standards were extracted into butyl acetate:butanol (9+1, v/v) and a portion of the extract analysed by LC–MS/MS (100mm×2.1mm i.d. Waters Spherisorb S5SCX; eluent: 50mmol/L methanolic ammonium acetate, pH* 6.0; flow-rate 0.5mL/min; positive ion APCI-SRM, two transitions per analyte). Assay calibration (human plasma, oral fluid, and haemolysed whole blood calibration solutions) was performed by plotting the ratio of the peak area of the analyte to that of the appropriate internal standard. Assay validation was as per FDA guidelines.Assay calibration was linear across the concentration ranges studied. Inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy were within 10% for all analytes in human plasma. Similar results were obtained for oral fluid and haemolysed whole blood, except that aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole were within 15% accuracy at low concentration (15μg/L) in oral fluid, and olanzapine inter-assay precision could not be assessed in these matrices due to day-by-day degradation of this analyte. Recoveries varied between 16% (sulpiride) and 107% (clozapine), and were reproducible as well as comparable between human plasma, human serum, calf serum and haemolysed whole blood. For oral fluid, recoveries were reproducible, but differed slightly from those in plasma suggesting the need for calibration solutions to be prepared in this medium if oral fluid is to be analysed. LLOQs were 1–5μg/L depending on the analyte. Neither ion suppression/enhancement, nor interference from some known metabolites of the antipsychotics studied has been encountered. The method has also been applied to the analysis of blood samples collected post-mortem after dilution (1+1, 1+3; v/v) in analyte-free calf serum.

Stability of some atypical antipsychotics in human plasma, haemolysed whole blood, oral fluid, human serum and calf serum

Danielle S. Fisher, Suzanne J. Partridge, Simon A. Handley, Robert J. Flanagan — 2013-04-08

Abstract: Long-term stability data of atypical antipsychotics in different matrices are not widely available. The aim of this work was to assess the stability of amisulpride, aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole, clozapine and norclozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and sulpiride in human EDTA plasma, heparinised haemolysed human whole blood, oral fluid, human serum, and newborn calf serum stored in tightly capped plastic containers under a range of conditions.Measurements were performed by LC–MS/MS. Analyte instability was defined as a deviation of 15% or greater from the expected concentration. All analytes were stable following 3 freeze–thaw cycles in human plasma, and were stable in this matrix for at least 5 days at ambient temperature (olanzapine, 3 days); 4 weeks at 2–8°C (olanzapine, 2 weeks), and 2 years at −20°C (except for dehydroaripiprazole, olanzapine, and quetiapine, 1 year). In human serum, aripiprazole, dehydroaripiprazole, norclozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and sulpiride were unstable after 5 days at ambient temperature, 3 weeks at 2–8°C, and 9 months at −20°C. Olanzapine was unstable in whole blood and oral fluid under most conditions studied, although prior addition of ascorbic acid had a moderate stabilising effect. All other analytes were stable in whole blood and oral fluid for at least 2 days at ambient temperature, 1 week at 2–8°C, and 2 months at −20°C (clozapine and norclozapine, 1 month whole blood).These results confirm that plasma (EDTA anticoagulant) is the sample of choice for TDM of atypical antipsychotics. Delayed (more than 1 week) analysis of patient samples should be undertaken with caution, especially with serum and with haemolysed whole blood. With olanzapine, only plasma collected and stored appropriately is likely to give reliable quantitative results.

Age assessment using the Greulich and Pyle method on a heterogeneous sample of 300 Italian healthy and pathologic subjects

2013-04-09

Abstract: The exponential growth of the illegal immigration phenomenon, the requests for asylum, and the increasing number of migrant settlements on Italian territory have strong repercussions on the legal system. One important aspect of this problem is age assessment. In the case of living individuals, identification may be focused on ascertaining their age, more directly if they can attest their age but are not registered (foreigners who claim to be minors or under 14 years of age). These have entered our country as illegal immigrants and have an interest in declaring a younger age (as a minor or under 14) rather than their true age because they can obtain the benefits specifically provided by Italian law for such categories. Since the most frequently used method in age assessment is the Greulich and Pyle Atlas, the objective of this study was to evaluate the consistency and accuracy of the method on a sample of Italian teenagers, in order to ascertain whether or not the Atlas is suitable for the purpose, especially in the critical threshold between 14 and 18 years of age. A total of 300 radiographs of the left wrist and hand of individuals between 10 and 20 years of age were obtained from the outpatient Pediatric Radiology Department of the Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital in Bari. The results showed that the Greulich and Pyle Atlas, used on the Italian population, provide a good match with the chronological age, showing no statistically significant differences. The Greulich and Pyle Atlas is usable on the Italian population since there were no significant differences in skeletal age determination with this method as compared to the chronological age; however, one must allow for a possible standard deviation equal to more or less 13 months.

Estimation of sex from cranial measurements in a Western Australian population

Daniel Franklin, Andrea Cardini, Ambika Flavel, Algis Kuliukas — 2013-03-28

Abstract: It is widely accepted that the most accurate statistical estimations of biological attributes in the human skeleton (e.g., sex, age and stature) are produced using population-specific standards. As we previously demonstrated that the application of foreign standards to Western Australian individuals results in an unacceptably large sex bias (females frequently misclassified), the need for population-specific standards is duly required and greatly overdue. We report here on the first morphometric cranial sexing standards formulated specifically for application in, and based on the statistical analysis of, contemporary Western Australian individuals. The primary aim is to investigate the nature of cranial sexual dimorphism in this population and outline a series of statistically robust standards suitable for estimating sex in the complete bone and/or associated diagnostic fragments.The sample analysed comprised multi-detector computed tomography cranial scans of 400 individuals equally distributed by sex. Following 3D volume rendering, 31 landmarks were acquired using OsiriX®, from which a total of 18 linear inter-landmark measurements were calculated. Measurements were analysed using basic descriptive statistics and discriminant function analyses employing jackknife validations of classification results. All measurements (except frontal breadth and orbital height – Bonferroni corrected) are sexually dimorphic with sex differences explaining 3.5–48.9% of sample variance. Bizygomatic breadth and maximum length of the cranium and the cranial base contribute most significantly to sex discrimination; the maximum classification accuracy was 90%, with a −2.1% sex-bias. We conclude that the cranium is both highly dimorphic and a reliable bone for estimating sex in Western Australian individuals.

Sexual and topological differences in palmprint and ridge density in the Caucasian Spanish population

Esperanza Gutiérrez-Redomero, Concepción Alonso-Rodríguez — 2013-04-19

Abstract: Despite the fact that variation in ridge breadth is of biological, medical, and genetic interest, it has not received as much attention as other dermatoglyphic characteristics.Recently, sex differences in mean epidermal ridge breadth have been proposed in the field of forensic identification in order to infer gender from fingerprints found at the scene of a crime left by an unknown donor. The aim of this research was to analyze sexual, bimanual, and topological variations in epidermal ridge breadth on palmprints taken from a Spanish population sample for subsequent application in inferring gender from the palm marks.The material used in the present study was obtained from the palmprints of 200 individuals (100 males and 100 females) from the Caucasian Spanish. Since ridge breadth varies according to age, subjects of similar ages were recruited to ensure that growth had finished.Therefore, in order to assess topological variation in ridge density or number of ridges in a given space, the count was carried out for the five palmar areas: hypothenar, thenar/first interdigital, second interdigital, third interdigital, and fourth interdigital. This allowed the segmentation of 2000 ridge count areas for analysis. For this, two methods were used, one described by Cummins et al. (the ridge count was carried out along a 1cm line) and the other by Acree (the number of ridges per 25mm2 of surface area). The results obtained by the second method can be compared with those obtained for the ten fingers from this same sample and evaluated in a previous study.The results have demonstrated the existence of topological differences in ridge thickness on the epidermal palm surface; also females present a significantly higher ridge density than men and, therefore, have narrower ridges over the entire palmar surface. Those sexual differences found in the sample population can be used for inferring the gender from palm marks left by an unknown donor. The hypotheses that could explain the variability in ridge breadth are evaluated according to the obtained results.

Facial soft tissue thickness of Colombian adults

Néstor Alonso Perlaza Ruiz — 2013-04-15

Abstract: Facial reconstruction is a widely used technique in forensic sciences to identify human bone remains and, for such, it is necessary to be aware of the values of facial soft tissue thickness characteristic for each population group. In Colombia, no conclusive values exist regarding facial soft tissue thickness for populations of mixed racial origin that also consider the nutritional state. The study used images from 30 live subjects from both genders, 26 males and four females, age range from 18 to 35 years, The images were obtained through cone beam computed tomography in mestizo population from the city of Cali (Colombia), taken in sitting position and 0.3mm resolution. The height and weight of all subjects were determined and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Seventeen facial thicknesses were measured over the corresponding anatomical landmarks of the skull. No significant difference was found associated to gender for most anatomical landmarks. However, where differences were found, these were mainly located on the anatomical landmarks of the medial line and particularly with greater value among males. Differences were observed in thicknesses for Colombian population when compared to other studies. The values of facial thickness characterize the Colombian population of mixed racial origin and permit greater approximation in facial reconstructions with forensic purposes.

Who is this person? A comparison study of current three-dimensional facial approximation methods

2013-04-29

Abstract: Facial approximation is a common tool utilised in forensic human identification. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies allow researchers to go beyond traditional clay models to now create virtual computed models of anatomical structures. The goal of this study was to compare the accuracy of available methods of facial approximation ranging from clay modelling to advanced computer facial approximation techniques. Two computerised reconstructions (FaceIT and FBI's ReFace) and two manual reconstructions (completed by FBI's Neville and Faraut) were completed using a skull from a known individual.A living individual's computed tomography (CT) scan was used to create a virtual 3D model of the skull and soft tissue of the face. The virtual skull models were provided to the computer-based approximation specialists. A rapid prototype of the skull was printed and provided to the practitioners who needed physical specimens.The results from all of the methods (clay and virtual) were compared visually to each other and collectively to the actual features of the living individual to compare the results of each. A quantitative study was also conducted to establish the accuracy of each method and the regions of the face that need the most improvement for all of the specialists.This project demonstrates the wide range of variation between commonly used facial identification methods. The benefit of this study was having a living individual to test the strengths and weaknesses of each method while also providing future areas of focus for soft tissue depth data studies.

Virtual assessment of perimortem and postmortem blunt force cranial trauma

2013-04-18

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of reconstructed three-dimensional multi-detector computed tomography (3D MDCT) imagery to distinguish between perimortem cranial trauma and postmortem cranial damage. A total of 45 crania were initially examined for the purpose of this study. The postmortem group consists of 14 crania from a Medieval Scottish population while the perimortem group consists of 31 CT scans of perimortem trauma cases from the University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete. Six crania belonging to the perimortem group could not be assessed for the purposes of this study. Each of the remaining 39 crania was examined under the following criteria: preponderant texture, preponderant outline, edge morphology, fracture angle, fracture relationship to path of least resistance, evidence of plastic response and the presence of hinging. As edge morphology could not be determined for any of the crania this criterion was not considered for statistical computations. Statistical analysis demonstrated the five of the six criteria (preponderant texture, preponderant outline, fracture relationship to least resistance path, plastic response and the presence of hinging) subjected to statistical analysis bore statistical significance in distinguishing between perimortem trauma and postmortem damage when using 3D CT images. This study, therefore, demonstrated that the timing of cranial fractures can be determined using 3D CT images and thus can complement and add to existing methods for trauma assessment in both forensic and archaeological settings.

Estimating postmortem interval using RNA degradation and morphological changes in tooth pulp

Stephanie T. Young, Jeffrey D. Wells, Gerald R. Hobbs, Clifton P. Bishop — 2013-05-06

Abstract: The accurate determination of time since death, or postmortem interval (PMI), can be critical in the investigation of suspicious deaths. Knowing when a suspicious death occurred can limit the number of potential suspects to those without a viable alibi for the time of the crime. The forensic techniques currently employed to determine PMI: pathology, entomology, and anthropology, are accurate over different time periods following death. A large gap in time exists between the capabilities of forensic entomology and traditional anthropology, leaving a period in which PMI is difficult to estimate. In this study, time-dependent differences in RNA decay rates were examined to extend the time frame over which early PMI estimates can be made. Comparing the decay rates of a large, labile segment of β-actin RNA and a smaller, more stable, non-overlapping segment of the same RNA from tooth pulp, we were able to estimate PMI values of pigs buried within a shallow grave for up to 84 days. This compares favorably to an estimate of PMI using insect data. Full skeletonization and loss of insect activity was observed by day 28 of our study. In addition to differences in RNA decay rates, morphological changes were observed in the pulp as it aged postmortem. To provide a quantitative measure of progressive color changes, analysis of digital photographs of each tooth's pulp were used to construct a simple colorimetric assay. This assay was then used to cluster ages of pulp samples by color. The two assays, used in combination with one another, can create a more precise estimate of PMI. The potential advantages of this molecular means of estimating PMI include extending the time frame for such estimates, is applicable to samples collected worldwide (no specialized knowledge of local insect fauna is required), is relatively fast, and inexpensive.

Is characterizing the digital forensic facial reconstruction with hair necessary? A familiar assessors’ analysis

2013-04-25

Abstract: Background: In the international scientific literature, there are few studies that emphasize the presence or absence of hair in forensic facial reconstructions. There are neither Brazilian studies concerning digital facial reconstructions without hair, nor research comparing recognition tests between digital facial reconstructions with hair and without hair. The miscegenation of Brazilian people is considerable. Brazilian people, and, in particular, Brazilian women, even if considered as Caucasoid, may present the hair in very different ways: curly, wavy or straight, blonde, red, brown or black, long or short, etc. For this reason, it is difficult to find a correct type of hair for facial reconstruction (unless, in real cases, some hair is recovered with the skeletal remains).Aims and methods: This study focuses on the performance of three different digital forensic facial reconstructions, without hair, of a Brazilian female subject (based on one international database and two Brazilian databases for soft facial-tissue thickness) and evaluates the digital forensic facial reconstructions comparing them to photographs of the target individual and nine other subjects, employing the recognition method. A total of 22 assessors participated in the recognition process; all of them were familiar with the 10 individuals who composed the face pool.Results and conclusions: The target subject was correctly recognized by 41% of the 22 examiners in the International Pattern, by 32% in the Brazilian Magnetic Resonance Pattern and by 32% in the Brazilian Fresh Cadavers Pattern. The facial reconstructions without hair were correctly recognized using the three databases of facial soft-tissue thickness. The observed results were higher than the results obtained using facial reconstructions with hair, from the same skull, which can indicate that it is better to not use hair, at least when there is no information concerning its characteristics.

Estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) using accumulated degree-days (ADD) in a temperate region of South Africa

Jolandie Myburgh, Ericka N. L’Abbé, Maryna Steyn, Piet J. Becker — 2013-04-18

Abstract: The validity of the method in which total body score (TBS) and accumulated degree-days (ADD) are used to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) is examined. TBS and ADD were recorded for 232 days in northern South Africa, which has temperatures between 17 and 28°C in summer and 6 and 20°C in winter. Winter temperatures rarely go below 0°C. Thirty pig carcasses, which weighed between 38 and 91kg, were used. TBS was scored using the modified method of Megyesi et al. . Temperature was acquired from an on site data logger and the weather station bureau; differences between these two sources were not statistically significant. Using loglinear random-effects maximum likelihood regression, an r2 value for ADD (0.6227) was produced and linear regression formulae to estimate PMI from ADD with a 95% prediction interval were developed. The data of 16 additional pigs that were placed a year later were then used to validate the accuracy of this method. The actual PMI and ADD were compared to the estimated PMI and ADD produced by the developed formulae as well as the estimated PMIs within the 95% prediction interval. A validation of the study produced poor results as only one pig of 16 fell within the 95% interval when using the formulae, showing that ADD has limited use in the prediction of PMI in a South African setting.

Skull sutures: Changing morphology during preadolescent growth and its implications in forensic identification

Paul T. Jayaprakash, G.J. Srinivasan — 2013-04-15

Abstract: Forensic identification of juvenile skulls is a problem area. Although the skull suture patterns have been suggested for use in individualizing human remains by comparing antemortem and postmortem radiographs, the age at which such patterns stabilize and can be useful for identification had been indicated as 7 years. Subsequent researchers have also concurred that antemortem and postmortem radiographs taken after the 7th year would be sufficient to meet the Daubert standard criteria for identifying skulls using radiographs. The suggestions regarding the lower age limit for stabilization of suture patterns have not been verified so far. In this research, the patterns of the sutures in the ectocranial and endocranial surfaces of the lambdoid region in 22 juvenile skulls (age range 1–10 years) and 100 adult skulls (age range 17–70 years) were studied for the relative incidence of different types of suture patterns. The radiographic recordings of the suture patterns in the juvenile skulls were also compared with the patterns seen in the ectocranial and endocranial surfaces. The findings of this study support the proposition that the suture patterns are plastic during the juvenile stage and that they undergo significant remodeling during growth into adulthood. Indicating the possibility of growth related alterations in the sutural morphology, the onset of adulthood is suggested as the age for stabilization of suture patterns in the context of prescribing standards for such criteria as those relating to Daubert.

Tomodensitometric survey of the distance between thoracic and abdominal vital organs and the wall according to BMI, abdominal diameter and gender: Proposition of an indicative chart for the forensic activities

2013-05-03

Abstract: Introduction: Forensic doctors are frequently asked by magistrates when dealing principally with knife wounds, about the depth of the blade which may have penetrated the victim's body. Without the use of imaging, it is often difficult to respond to this question, even in an approximate way. Knowledge of the various distances between organs and the skin wall would allow an assessment to be made of the minimum blade length required to obtain the injuries observed. The objective of this study is thus to determine average distances between the vital organs of the thorax and abdomen, and the skin wall, taking into account the person's body mass index (BMI).Materials and methods: This is a prospective single-center study, carried out over a 2-month period at University Hospital in Angers. A sample of 200 people was studied. The inclusion criteria were as follows: all patients coming to the radiology department and the emergency department for an abdominal, thoracic or thoraco-abdominal scan with injection. The exclusion criteria included patients presenting a large lymphoma, a large abdominal or retroperitoneal tumor, a tumor in one of the organs targeted by our study and patients presenting ascites. The organs focused on were: the pericardium, pleura, aorta, liver, spleen, kidneys, abdominal aorta and femoral arteries. The shortest distance between the organ and the skin wall was noted. Median distances were calculated according to gender, abdominal diameter and BMI.Results: We associated these values to propose an indicative chart which may be used by doctors in connection with their forensic activities.Discussion: The problem of the depth of a wound is frequently exposed to the expert. Without a reliable tool, it is difficult to value and a personal interpretation is often done. Even if, in current days, tomodensitometry is frequently done in vivo or after death, measurement can be difficult because of the local conditions.We classified values according to the different factors of fat repartition (BMI, abdominal diameter, gender). These tables, collectively used, permit evaluation of the distance between wall and thoracic or abdominal vital organs.Conclusion: We suggest an indicative chart designed for forensic doctors in their professional life to help determine the minimum penetration length for a knife, which may wound a vital organ.

Positive identification of a burned body using an implanted orthopedic plate

2013-05-03

Abstract: Human identification is usually obtained by comparing fingerprints, antemortem and postmortem radiographs, dental records and also by DNA profiling. Sometimes forensic investigators come across some medical appliances such as orthopedic devices. These medical devices may be useful to achieve positive human identification. This paper aims to present a positive identification of a burned human body by tracking batch numbers engraved in an implanted orthopedic device found in the decedent's left ulna bone. The examiners also collected and analyzed other valuable hints related to the case. Forensic examination can provide reliable positive human identification, even if few, but precise information can be obtained from antemortem and postmortem records. The present report illustrates a set of valuable techniques and how identifying numbers in orthopedic devices are helpful to determine positive human identification in cases of carbonization. As seen in this case, the forensic experts used low-cost identification procedures with accurate results, avoiding DNA profiling method that would be of higher cost and time consuming. Considering social and legal aspects, it is quite important that physicians and dentists understand that correct and accurate records of surgeries they perform, such as fixation of orthopedic devices and dental implants, are utterly relevant and helpful in cases of human identification.

Estimation of sex from the lower limb measurements of Sudanese adults

Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed — 2013-05-03

Abstract: The sex estimation from mutilated and amputated limbs or body parts is one of the most vital steps in person identification in medical-legal autopsies. Sex estimation from lower limb anthropometric measurements has demonstrated a high degree of expected accuracy in a limited range of the global population. The aims of this study were to assess the degree of the sexual dimorphism in lower limb measurements and the accuracy of utilization of these measurements for estimation of sex in a contemporary adult Sudanese population. The tibial length, bimalleolar breadth, foot length, and foot breadth of 240 right-handed Sudanese Arab subjects (120 males and 120 females) aged between 25 and 30 years were measured following international anthropometric standards. Demarking points, sexual dimorphism indices and discriminant functions were developed from 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) who comprised the study group. All variables were sexually dimorphic. The bimalleolar breadth and foot breadth significantly contributed to sex estimation. Leg dimensions showed a higher accuracy for sex estimation than foot dimensions. Cross-validated sex classification accuracy ranged between 78% and 89.5%. The reliability of these standards was assessed in a test sample of 20 males and 20 females, and the results showed accuracy between 75% and 90%. This study provides new forensic standards for sex estimation from lower limb measurements of Sudanese adults.

Virtopsy versus autopsy in unusual case of asphyxia: Case report

I. Aquila, C. Falcone, C. Di Nunzio, O. Tamburrini, S. Boca, P. Ricci — 2013-04-11

Abstract: We report the case of a 70-year-old woman found dead in her apartment in the South of Italy in February 2011.The detailed data showed that the victim was affected by familiar-type paranoid schizophrenia. This finding was confirmed by the discovery of antipsychotic and tricyclic antidepressant drugs in the house and the deposition of her psychiatric therapist.Before the autopsy, a multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scanning of the thoracic and facial maxillo-cervical area was performed that has allowed anatomical identification and diagnosis of a mechanical obstruction as the cause of death. The autopsy has showed the presence of materials obstructing the trachea totally. Histological and toxicological investigations were carried out on the victim. The toxicological investigation has shown the presence of metabolites of tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics in the blood and urine. The histology showed the presence of foreign-origin materials (starch fibres) inside the pulmonary alveolus. The cause of death was asphyxia due to obstruction by food-origin material. In this case the radiological data have been compared with the autopsy and toxicological and histological data. The comparison of results has shown that MSCT scanning may aid in identification of occlusion and then in determination of the cause of death. In conclusion, MSCT scanning can be proposed in the cases of suspected asphyxia, as the screening procedure of first instance to produce preliminary information useful to rapidly develop the successive autopsy performance.

An investigation on body displacement after two drowning accidents

Marcos Mateus, Hilda de Pablo, Nuno Vaz — 2013-04-11

Abstract: The finding of human remains in aquatic environments is usually attributed to causes such as work-related or recreational accidents, suicides, discarded homicide victims, and natural disasters. When the point and date of entry in the water is unknown, these findings pose serious challenges to forensic analysis given the difficulty to estimate the drift of the body. In this context, the information retrieved from cases where the point of entry and body recovery sites are known, as well as the timing, is significant. Two drowning accidents in marine coastal waters were analyzed. In both cases the post-mortem submersion interval (PMSI) is known, as well as the accident (point of entry) and body recovery sites. Accumulated degree days (ADD) was estimated in both cases using satellite sea surface temperature data. In both cases the bodies were recovered in the vicinity of the accident site (~2km in case 1 and less than 1km in case 2). Results were interpreted in terms of oceanographic conditions, physical settings and ADD. The results provide some relevant clues on the fate of human cadavers in coastal marine environments that can be used by officials and agencies involved in the recovery of bodies, as well as by forensic investigators when dealing with these findings.

First record of Fannia leucosticta (Meigen) (Diptera: Fanniidae) breeding in human corpses

Y. Velásquez, A. Martínez-Sánchez, S. Rojo — 2013-04-11

Abstract: A case where Fannia leucosticta (Meigen, 1838) was breeding in human corpses is reported for the first time. One larva and one unemerged puparium were recovered from two corpses in an advanced stage of decomposition, found in autumn in Alicante province, Spain.

A fatal stab wound causing selective injury to the left anterior descending coronary artery, myocardial infarction and delayed cardiac tamponade

2013-04-10

Abstract: We describe an unusual case of delayed cardiac tamponade that led to death 9 days after a penetrating stab wound. The injury consisted of a longitudinal tear in the LAD coronary artery, with an occlusive thrombus and the rupture of the coronary wall into a pseudo-aneurysmatic peri-coronary hematoma. As imaging evidence of pericardial effusion and ischemic electrocardiographic changes were lacking, the diagnosis was only made during post-mortem examination.

Suicidal overdose with relapsing clomipramine concentrations due to a large gastric pharmacobezoar

Jan Magdalan, Marcin Zawadzki, Tomasz Słoka, Tomasz Sozański — 2013-04-09

Abstract: The paper presents a case of fatal intoxication after massive sustained-release clomipramine overdosage with prolonged toxicity related to a large gastric pharmacobezoar. 42-year-old female was admitted to the toxicology unit 14h after drugs ingestion. At admission patient was deeply unconscious, required controlled mechanical ventilation. Serum total level of TCAs was 1955ng/mL. Gastric lavage revealed no pills. Within the next 12h the patient's clinical condition improved. TCAs level decreased to 999ng/mL. However, after another 10h the clinical condition started deteriorating again and the patient went into a deep coma requiring controlled mechanical ventilation. TCAs level increased to 2011ng/mL. X-ray and computed tomography revealed large pharmacobezoar consisted from radio-opaque pills. In the 28thh of hospitalization gastrotomy was performed, confirming presence of pharmacobezoar formed from Anafranil SR tablets. After surgery TCAs level was gradually decreasing. However, the patient's condition did not improve, she died 32h after gastrotomy. Post-mortem analyses revealed drug and its metabolite toxic levels in blood (clomipramine – 1729ng/mL, norclomipramine – 431ng/mL) and toxic levels in internal organs: myocardium (clomipramine – 14,420ng/g, norclomipramine – 35,930ng/g), vitreous humor (clomipramine – 1000ng/mL, norclomipramine – 3110ng/mL).Described case report indicates that sustained release clomipramine tablets may form pharmacobezoar. X-ray and computed tomography examinations should be considered in cases of massive abuse of sustained release clomipramine, particularly if symptoms of intoxication are recurrent or persistent.

Fatal extensive bone cement embolism: Histological findings confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

2013-04-22

Abstract: We herein report the first case of fatal extensive bone cement embolism appearing in pulmonary arterioles following surgical vertebral screw augmentation, which histological evidence of bone cement emboli was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A 47-year-old woman has accepted multilevel spine fusion and pedicle screw augmentation with totally 4ml bone cement infusion. She suddenly developed low blood pressure, dyspnoea, and unconsciousness approximately 1h post anaesthetic recovery, and then she was dead. It was shown both lungs were edematous in autopsy, and bluish emboli were appeared in extensive pulmonary arterioles in H&E stained sections. Negative information was shown in Molybdenum target X-ray imaging, but the emboli were confirmed to be PMMA bone cement by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The present case indicated it might be effective to confirm the dubious trace component in histology by FTIR.

Human DNA extraction from empty puparia

Daniela Marchetti, Elisa Arena, Ilaria Boschi, Stefano Vanin — 2013-04-25

Abstract: Empty puparia, as well as larvae at different developmental stages, are potentially useful in the identification of a victim where a corpse has been removed from the scene of a forensic investigation. To evaluate the relevance and the reliability of this substrate to be used as forensic evidence, the authors report for the first time the extraction and typing of human DNA from empty puparia using STR analysis, in two actual cases where the bodies of the victims were still present thereby enabling validation of the typing.

Chlorprothixene in bodies after exhumation

Herbert Käferstein, Guido Sticht, Burkhard Madea — 2013-04-29

Abstract: Toxicological analyses on body tissues and interpretation of results after exhumation are a challenging task. We report five cases in which toxicological analyses had to be performed due to suspicion of homicide by chlorprothixene intoxication. Exhumations had to be carried out following post mortem intervals in earth graves between two and five and a half years. Chlorprothixene and in some cases also its metabolites could be detected in liver and brain. For the interpretation of the results, chlorprothixene concentrations determined in brain should be used because of a relative isolation of the brain within the skull. However, a loss of organ weights due to post mortem degradation, which may lead to an increase of drug levels, should be taken into account.

Clinical difficulties and forensic diagnosis: Histopathological pitfalls of villus mesenchymal dysplasia in the third trimester causing foetal death

2013-05-03

Abstract: In this article, the authors present a case of intrauterine foetal death (IUFD). The post-mortem histologic examination revealed placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD), a rare human placental disorder. Moreover, cases of PMD are often misdiagnosed as partial mole.The mother was a 26-year-old Italian, whose pregnancy, her first, had been uneventful until week 34+4 of gestation when IUFD suddenly occurred. The 2350g male foetus showed no external abnormalities and the karyotype was 46, XY. The placenta weighed 450g, the chorionic disk was round shaped, measuring 19.5–20.5cm in diameter and had many enlarged villous structures.Histologically, the parenchyma showed abnormally enlarged and focally hydropic stem villi. Many of them were also surrounded by a fibrinoid material. Neither abnormal trophoblastic proliferation nor inclusion was observed in the examined sections.Causes and pathogenesis of PMD are still unclear and it is difficult to make a diagnosis solely on prenatal ultrasound during pregnancy. Generally, the correct diagnosis is reached only after the histological analysis of the placenta. However, obstetricians and gynaecologists should consider PMD also when a normal looking foetus is accompanied by a molar placenta (index factor for placentomegaly).The authors stress the importance of cooperation and information exchange among clinical and forensic pathologists, neonatologists, obstetricians and gynaecologists to avoid medical malpractice court proceedings in cases of IUFD.

Roy Fenoff — 2013-06-10

Although numerous books on forensic handwriting and document examination have been written, only a few have taken a scientific approach. Most forensic document examination books provide a general overview of the subject and contain information based on the results of a few case studies along with the personal experiences of the authors, which is a non-scientific approach. This appears to be particularly true with many of the books that pre-date the 1960s. Since then, numerous books related to forensic document and handwriting examination have been published but have done little to advance the standing of this field, instead, they are the rehashing of earlier works using higher quality images. In 2009, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) issued a report on Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States in which the limited amount of research to quantify the reliability and replicability of handwriting analysis was one of the major criticisms levied against the field of forensic document examination. The NAS report made it clear that the scientific basis for handwriting identification needs to be bolstered. In this regard, the forensic document examination community must become more active in strengthening the field of forensic document examination by conducting quality research and publishing the results in books and peer reviewed journals.