Forensic Science International
Volume 153, Issue 1 , Pages 53-57 , 4 October 2005

Investigation of the accumulation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rat kidneys

  • Handan Aydın

      Affiliations

    • University Istanbul, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 34310 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +90 212 4737070/17142; fax: +90 212 4737241.
    • ,
  • Nurullah Özdemir

      Affiliations

    • University Dicle, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey
    • ,
  • Nuray Uzunören

      Affiliations

    • University Istanbul, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 34310 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey

References 

  1. Balague CE, Ruız CS, Rey R, et al. Effect of herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence factors. Toxicology. 2002;177:143–155
  2. WHO, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D), Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, second ed., Geneva, 1998.
  3. Meier M, Hamann R, Kettrup A. Determination of phenoxyherbicides by high performance liquid chromatography and on-line enrichment. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 1989;334:235–237
  4. Keller T, Skopp G, Wu M, et al. Fatal overdose of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Forensic Sci. Int. 1994;65:13–18
  5. S. Sener, M. Yıldırım (Eds.), Aryloxyacids (Phytohormones), Toxicology, Teknik Press, Istanbul, 2000, 185 pp. (in Turkish).
  6. Charles JM, Bond DM, Jeffries TK, et al. Chronic dietary toxicity/oncogenicity studies on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rodents. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1996;33:166–172
  7. Kaioumova D, Kaioumov F, Opelz G, et al. Toxic effect of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on lymphoid organs of the rat. Chemosphere. 2001;43:801–805
  8. Mikov I, Milosevic M, Mikov A, et al. Increased urinary excretion of thioethers as a marker for detecting exposure to herbicide containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dimethylamin experimental study on mice. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2000;7:61–63
  9. Morgulis MSFA, Oliveira GH, Dağlı MLZ, et al. Acute 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid intoxication in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 1998;77:509–515
  10. Arnold EK, Beasley MS, Beasley VR. The pharmacokinetics of chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides: a literature review. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1989;31–32:121–125
  11. H. Aydin, N. Uzunören, Investigation of herbicide group drug residues used in agricultural field in soil and oligochaeta class earthworms. Ph.D. Thesis. Istanbul University, Health Sciences Instıtute, 2001, 17 pp. (in Turkish).
  12. Cabral MG, Viegas CA, Teixeira MC, Sa-correia I. Toxicity of chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid herbicides in the experimental eukaryotic model Saccharomyces cerevisiae: role of pH and of growth phase and size of the yeast cell population. Chemosphere. 2003;51:47–54
  13. WHO, Pesticide Residues in Food (a report), World Health Organization, Rome, Italy, 1996.
  14. Amer SM, Aly FAE. Genotoxic effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol in mouse. Mutat. Res. 2001;494:1–12
  15. Wintersteiger R, Goger B, Krautgartner H. Quantitation of chlorophenoxyacid herbicides by high performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A. 1999;846:349–357
  16. Sarıkaya R, Yılmaz M. Investigation of acute toxicity and the effect of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) herbicide on the behavior of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; Pisces, Cyprinidae). Chemosphere. 2003;52:195–201
  17. European Commission: Opinion of the Scientific commitee on plants regarding the evaluating of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in the context of council directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, 2001.
  18. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Review of a chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats, a carcinogenicity study in rats, a carcinogenicity study in mice, and a re-review of a developmental toxicity study in rats, 23 May 1996.
  19. Mather GG, Exon JH, Koller LD. Subchronic 90 day toxicity of dichloroacetic and trichloroactic acid in rats. Toxicology. 1990;64(October (1)):71–80
  20. Gorzinski SJ, Kociba RJ, Camobell RA, et al. Acute, pharmacokinetic, and subhchronic toxicological studies of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1987;9–3(October):423–435
  21. Barnekow DE, Hamburg AW, Puvanesarajah V, et al. Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in laying hens and lactating goats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001;49(January(1)):156–163
  22. Wang Y-S, Jaw C-G, Chen Y-L. Accumulation of 2,4-D and glyphosate in fish and water hyacinth. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1994;74:397–403
  23. R.A. Johnson, E.V. Wattenberg, Risk assessment of phenoxy herbicides: an overview of the epidemiology and toxilogy data, in: Biological and Economic Assessment of Benefits from Use of Phenoxy Herbicides in the United States.O.C. Burnside ed. U.S.D.A. National Impact Assessment Program. Special NAPIAP Report.1996 (Chapter 3).
  24. Somani SM, Khalik A. Distrubution and metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenol in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1982;9(May–June(5–6)):889–897

PII: S0379-0738(05)00206-9

doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.018

Forensic Science International
Volume 153, Issue 1 , Pages 53-57 , 4 October 2005

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