14C analyses quantify time lag between coca leaf harvest and street-level seizure of cocaine

Ehleringer, James R.; Casale, John F.; Barnette, Janet E.; Xu, Xiaomei; Lott, Michael J.; Hurley, Janet

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.003

« Previous Next »Forensic Science International
Volume 214, Issue 1 , Pages 7-12, 10 January 2012

¹⁴C analyses quantify time lag between coca leaf harvest and street-level seizure of cocaine

James R. Ehleringer
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
- IsoForensics, Inc., P.O. Box 581260, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States. Tel.: +1 801 581 7623; fax: +1 801 581 4665.
John F. Casale
- Special Testing and Research Laboratory, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, 22624 Dulles Court, Dulles, VA 20166, United States
Janet E. Barnette
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
- IsoForensics, Inc., P.O. Box 581260, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, United States
Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
Michael J. Lott
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
- IsoForensics, Inc., P.O. Box 581260, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, United States
Janet Hurley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States

Received 3 January 2011; received in revised form 28 April 2011; accepted 1 May 2011. published online 19 September 2011.

Highlights

► Columbian drug traffickers require ∼24 months between coca leaf growth and the arrival of cocaine in the United States. ► Seizures of cocaine base and cocaine HCL were not statistically different in age. ► Foreign and domestically seized cocaine were not statistically different in age. ► Seizures of large cocaine shipments were statistically younger than small cocaine shipments.

Abstract

Measurements were made on the natural abundance ¹⁴C content (Δ¹⁴C) of cocaine specimens seized between 2003 and 2009. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which Δ¹⁴C analyses could quantify the “age” of recent cocaine seizures. Here “age” of a seized cocaine specimen is defined as the time period between when a coca leaf was harvested in South America and its seizure as cocaine at either the international or domestic street levels. Based on Δ¹⁴C analyses of seizure specimens, there were no statistically significant differences in the ages of domestic cocaine HCl and cocaine base specimens seized on the streets in different locations across the United States. Between 2007 and 2009, the average age of a street-level cocaine seizure in the United States was 24.6±1.1months. Cocaine shipment seizures that were in excess of 150kg during this time period had an average age of 18.2±1.4months, whereas smaller shipment seizures were significantly older with an average age of 22.3±0.6months. Analyses of the largest cocaine shipment seizures suggested that these seizures were composed of specimens with different ages, possibly representing accumulations over as much as a 31-month period.